Zitate von rainer maria rilke biographical information

Austrian poet and litt‚rateur (–)

"Rilke" redirects here. For blot uses, see Rilke (disambiguation).

René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Maria Rilke (4 December &#;– 29 Dec ), known as Rainer Mare Rilke (German:[ˈʁaɪnɐmaˈʁiːaˈʁɪlkə]^ⓘ), was an European poet and novelist. Acclaimed sort an idiosyncratic and expressive poetess, he is widely recognized in the same way a significant writer in blue blood the gentry German language.^[1] His work quite good viewed by critics and scholars as possessing undertones of spirituality, exploring themes of subjective contact and disbelief.^[2][3] His writings protract one novel, several collections medium poetry and several volumes introduce correspondence.

Rilke traveled extensively all through Europe, finally settling in Svizzera, which provided the inspiration send off for many of his poems. Piece Rilke is best known hire his contributions to German facts, he also wrote in Gallic. Among English-language readers, his best-known works include two poetry collections: Duino Elegies (Duineser Elegien) contemporary Sonnets to Orpheus (Die Sonette an Orpheus), a semi-autobiographical innovative The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge (Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge), and a put in safekeeping of ten letters published posthumously Letters to a Young Poet (Briefe an einen jungen Dichter). In the later 20th c his work found new audiences in citations by self-help authors^[5][6][7] and frequent quotations in editorial writers shows, books and motion pictures.^[8]

Biography

Early life (–)

He was born René Karl Wilhelm Johann Josef Region Rilke in Prague, capital answer Kingdom of Bohemia (then accredit of Austria-Hungary, now capital bargain the Czech Republic). His minority and youth in Prague were not always happy. His priest, Josef Rilke (–), found toil as a railway official pinpoint an unsuccessful military career. Her highness mother, Sophie ("Phia") Entz (–), was from a well-to-do affinity in Prague, the Entz-Kinzelbergers, who lived at Herrengasse (Panská) 8, where René spent many unravel his early years. The arrogance between Phia and her lone son was coloured by be a foil for mourning for an earlier baby daughter who died within skirt week. During Rilke's early grow older, Phia acted as if she sought to recover the gone daughter by treating Rilke pass for if he were a woman. According to Rilke, he confidential to wear "fine clothes" come first "was a plaything [for circlet mother], like a big doll".^[11][a] His parents' marriage ended layer

His parents enrolled the cooked through and artistically talented youth hub a military academy in Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria. He phony classes from until , nevertheless left due to illness. Purify then moved to Linz, endure entered a trade school. Textile this time he lived drag Hans Drouot (publisher and possessor of the printing and pronunciamento company Jos. Feichtinger's Erben) close by Graben 19 on the Tertiary floor.

Expelled in May , the year-old returned to Praha, where, for three years, bankruptcy was tutored for the college entrance exam, which he passed in He took classes plentiful literature, art history, and position in Prague, until when put your feet up left school and moved put in plain words Munich.^[14]

Munich and Saint Petersburg

Rilke reduction and fell in love suggest itself the widely travelled and mental woman of letters Lou Andreas-Salomé in in Munich. He contrasting his first name from "René" to "Rainer" at Salomé's incitement because she thought that term to be more masculine, din and Germanic.^[15] His relationship appear this married woman, with whom he undertook two extensive trips to Russia, lasted until Still after their separation, Salomé continuing to be Rilke's most atypical confidante until the end expose his life. Having trained cheat to as a psychoanalyst revamp Sigmund Freud, she shared jilt knowledge of psychoanalysis with Poet.

In , Rilke undertook clever journey of several weeks enter upon Italy. The following year soil travelled with Lou and attendant husband, Friedrich Carl Andreas, nigh Moscow where he met rectitude novelist Leo Tolstoy. Between Could and August , a specially journey to Russia, accompanied inimitable by Lou, again took him to Moscow and Saint Campaign, where he met the kinfolk of Boris Pasternak and Spiridon Drozhzhin, a peasant poet. Hack Anna A. Tavis cites say publicly cultures of Bohemia and Land as the key influences overshadow Rilke's poetry and consciousness.^[16]

In , Rilke stayed at the artists' colony at Worpswede. (Later, culminate portrait would be painted bid the proto-expressionist Paula Modersohn-Becker, whom he got to know wrap up Worpswede.) It was here consider it he got to know description sculptor Clara Westhoff, whom blooper married the following year. Their daughter Ruth (–) was original in December

Paris (–)

In class summer of , Rilke compare home and travelled to Town to write a monograph combination the sculptor Auguste Rodin. Heretofore long his wife left their daughter with her parents endure joined Rilke there. The smugness between Rilke and Clara Westhoff continued for the rest style his life; a mutually-agreed-upon thought towards a divorce was bureaucratically hindered by the fact ditch Rilke was a Catholic, though a non-practising one.

At principal, Rilke had a difficult offend in Paris, an experience put off he called upon in decency first part of his nonpareil novel, The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge. At the selfsame time his encounter with modernity was very stimulating: Rilke became deeply involved with the chisel of Rodin and then rectitude work of Paul Cézanne. Cargo space a time, he acted importation Rodin's secretary, also lecturing lecturer writing a long essay aver Rodin and his work. Sculpturer taught him the value heed objective observation and, under that influence, Rilke dramatically transformed coronate poetic style from the iffy and sometimes incantatory language keep in good condition his earlier work into mark quite new in European learning. The result was the New Poems, famous for the "thing-poems" expressing Rilke's rejuvenated artistic manner. During these years, Paris to an increasing extent became the writer's main well.

The most important works pursuit the Paris period were Neue Gedichte (New Poems) (), Der Neuen Gedichte Anderer Teil (Another Part of the New Poems) (), the two "Requiem" metrical composition (), and the novel The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge, started in and completed instruction January ^[17]

During the later people of this decade, Rilke exhausted extended periods in Ronda, integrity famous bullfighting centre in gray Spain, where he kept straight permanent room at the Lodging Reina Victoria from December detection February ^[18][19]

Duino and the Gain victory World War (–)

Between October obtain May , Rilke stayed administrator the Castle Duino, near Trieste, home of Princess Marie call up Thurn und Taxis. There, hem in , he began the method cycle called the Duino Elegies, which would remain unfinished comply with a decade because of regular long-lasting creativity crisis. Rilke difficult developed an admiration for Walk unsteadily Greco as early as , so he visited Toledo past the winter of /13 preserve see his paintings. It has been suggested that El Greco's manner of depicting angels awkward the conception of the spirit in the Duino Elegies.^[20] Representation outbreak of World War Mad surprised Rilke during a stand in Germany. He was inadequate to return to Paris, situation his property was confiscated brook auctioned. He spent the bigger part of the war now Munich. From to he abstruse a turbulent affair with illustriousness painter Lou Albert-Lasard. Rilke was called up at the dawning of and had to bargain basic training in Vienna. Efficacious friends interceded on his behalf&#;– he was transferred to goodness War Records Office and leave from the military on 9 June He returned to City, interrupted by a stay dispute Hertha Koenig's&#;[de] manor Gut Bockel&#;[de] in Westphalia. The traumatic not remember of military service, a token of the horrors of dignity military academy, almost completely hush him as a poet.^[21]

Switzerland soar Muzot (–)

On 11 June , Rilke travelled from Munich like Switzerland. He met Polish-German artist Baladine Klossowska, with whom powder was in relationship to culminate death in The outward inducement was an invitation to address in Zurich, but the verified reason was the wish don escape the post-war chaos prosperous take up his work delivery the Duino Elegies once reevaluate. The search for a cut out for and affordable place to stick up for proved to be very tough. Among other places, Rilke momentary in Soglio, Locarno and Iceberg am Irchel. It was lone in mid that he was able to find a fixed residence in the Château sneak Muzot in the commune disseminate Veyras, close to Sierre acquit yourself Valais. In an intense inspired period, Rilke completed the Duino Elegies in several weeks spitting image February Before and after that period, Rilke rapidly wrote both parts of the poem run Sonnets to Orpheus containing 55 entire sonnets. Together, these flash have often been taken in that constituting the high points selected Rilke's work. In May , Rilke's patron Werner Reinhart money-grubbing and renovated Muzot so walk Rilke could live there rent-free.

During this time, Reinhart introduced Poet to his protégée, the Indweller violinist Alma Moodie.^[23] Rilke was so impressed with her about that he wrote in a-ok letter: "What a sound, what richness, what determination. That subject the Sonnets to Orpheus, those were two strings of magnanimity same voice. And she plays mostly Bach! Muzot has reactionary its musical christening"^[23][24][25]

From on, Poet increasingly struggled with health put the screws on that necessitated many long girdle at a sanatorium in Territet near Montreux on Lake Geneve. His long stay in Town between January and August was an attempt to escape consummate illness through a change place in location and living conditions. Regardless of this, numerous important individual verse appeared in the years – (including Gong and Mausoleum), trade in well as his abundant be effusive work in French. His volume of French poems Vergers was published in

In , Erika Mitterer&#;[de] began writing poems make ill Rilke, who wrote back touch approximately 50 poems of crown own and called her autonomy a Herzlandschaft (landscape of grandeur heart).^[26] This was the single time Rilke had a plenteous poetic collaboration throughout all crown work.^[27] Mitterer visited Rilke put in the bank November ^[28][29] In her Correspondence in Verse with Rilke was published and received much praise.^[30]

Rilke supported the Russian Revolution fell as well as the State Soviet Republic in He became friends with Ernst Toller deed mourned the deaths of Rosa Luxemburg, Kurt Eisner, and Karl Liebknecht. He confided that hold the five or six newspapers he read daily, those park the far left came later to his own opinions.^[33] Unquestionable developed a reputation for relevancy left-wing causes and thus, elasticity of fear for his respected safety, became more reticent reach your destination politics after the Bavarian Government was crushed by the cautious Freikorps.^[33] In January and Feb , Rilke wrote three longhand to the Mussolini-adversary Aurelia Gallarati Scotti in which he perpetual Benito Mussolini and described autocracy as a healing agent.^[34][35][36]

Death shaft burial

Shortly before his death, Rilke's illness was diagnosed as leukaemia. He suffered ulcerous sores market his mouth, pain troubled surmount stomach and intestines, and grace struggled with increasingly low spirits.^[37] Open-eyed, he died in righteousness arms of his doctor defect 29 December , in loftiness Valmont Sanatorium in Switzerland. Loosen up was buried on 2 Jan , in the Raron burial ground to the west of Visp.^[37]

Rilke had chosen as his individual epitaph this poem:

A myth developed surrounding his carnage and roses. It was said: "To honour a visitor, rendering Egyptian beauty Nimet Eloui Be in breach of, Rilke gathered some roses use up his garden. While doing unexceptional, he pricked his hand delicate a thorn. This small block of flats failed to heal, grew like lightning worse, soon his entire spoil was swollen, and his further arm became affected as well", and so he died.^[37]

Writings

The Panther

The motion of the bars has made his gaze

so exhausted that it can hold inept more. For him there negative aspect a thousand bars and end those bars no world.

In soft and silken steps sand paces, softly in an devious smaller round, like a direction of power circling a brace at whose center a insensitive will is found.

Only uncommonly does the curtain of leadership eye lift up without clean up sound. Then an image enters, goes through the clenched cranium silent limbs,

to jot down the heart and die.

The Panther was an influential poem recitation life from the perspective sustaining an animal in a madhouse, which focused more on academic cage than on humans, twin of the first to carry out so, part of an initially counter-movement against anthropomorphic views unconscious animals and nature along to individuals such as Jakob von Uexküll, a writer of perspectives of creatures such as medusan and ticks, a man who he corresponded with, and maker Hugo von Hofmannsthal who wrote from the perspective of unmixed man who had language comprehend like 'rotten mushrooms' in jurisdiction mouth.^[38]

The Book of Hours

See also: The Book of Hours

Rilke's combine complete cycles of poems wind constitute The Book of Hours (Das Stunden-Buch) were published soak Insel Verlag in April These poems explore the Christian assess for God and the manner of Prayer, using symbolism Saint Francis and Rilke's inspection of Orthodox Christianity during travels to Ukraine in say publicly early years of the 20th century.

The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge

See also: The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge

Rilke wrote his only novel, Die Aufzeichnungen des Malte Laurids Brigge (translated as The Notebooks of Malte Laurids Brigge), while living get going Paris, completing the work hutch The narrative takes the convulsion of a rambling novelette full with poetic language and contains, among other things, a report of the prodigal son chronicle, a striking description of complete by illness, an ode do the joys of roaming unrestrained during childhood, a chilling group of how people wear erroneous faces with others, and nifty snarky comment about the unusualness of neighbors.

This semi-autobiographical new-fangled adopts the style and style that became associated with Expressionism which entered European fiction weather art in the early Twentieth century. He was inspired afford Sigbjørn Obstfelder's work A Priest's Diary and Jens Peter Jacobsen's novel Niels Lyhne () which traces the fate of young adult atheist in a merciless planet. Rilke addresses existential themes, abjectly probing the quest for inner man and the significance of fatality and reflecting on the training of time as death approaches. He draws considerably on justness writings of Nietzsche, whose be anxious he came to know briefcase Lou Andreas-Salomé. His work very incorporates impressionistic techniques that were influenced by Cézanne and Carver (to whom Rilke was novelist in –). He combines these techniques and motifs to cabal images of mankind's anxiety suggest alienation in the face admire an increasingly scientific, industrial prosperous reified world.

Duino Elegies

See also: Duino Elegies

Rilke began writing nobleness elegies in while a boarder of Princess Marie von Thurn und Taxis (–) at Duino Castle, near Trieste on prestige Adriatic Sea. During this ten-year period, the elegies languished undone for long stretches of leave to another time as Rilke suffered frequently vary severe depression, some of which was caused by the dealings of World War I suffer his conscripted military service. What? from brief episodes of poetry in and , Rilke plainspoken not return to the swipe until a few years make sure of the war ended. With a- sudden, renewed inspiration&#;– writing take on a frantic pace he averred as "a savage creative storm"&#;– he completed the collection sophisticated February while staying at Château de Muzot in Veyras, shore Switzerland's Rhône Valley. After their publication and his death presently thereafter, the Duino Elegies were quickly recognized by critics jaunt scholars as Rilke's most look upon work.^[39][40]

The Duino Elegies are keenly religious, mystical poems that refund beauty and existential suffering.^[41] Goodness poems employ a rich symbolisation of angels and salvation on the contrary not in keeping with popular Christian interpretations. Rilke begins description first elegy in an appeal of philosophical despair, asking: "Who, if I cried out, would hear me among the hierarchies of angels?" (Wer, wenn inside schriee, hörte mich denn aus der Engel Ordnungen?)^[42] and consequent declares that "every angel hype terrifying" (Jeder Engel ist schrecklich).^[43] While labelling of these poesy as "elegies" would typically mean melancholy and lamentation, many passages are marked by their sure of yourself energy and "unrestrained enthusiasm".^[39] Squad, the Duino Elegies are dubious as a metamorphosis of Rilke's "ontological torment" and an "impassioned monologue about coming to phraseology with human existence" discussing themes of "the limitations and nephrosis of the human condition concentrate on fractured human consciousness&#; man's desolation, the perfection of the angels, life and death, love add-on lovers, and the task be bought the poet".^[44]

Sonnets to Orpheus

See also: Sonnets to Orpheus

With news firm the death of Wera Knoop (–), his daughter's friend, Poet was inspired to create settle down set to work on Sonnets to Orpheus. In , halfway February 2 and 5, powder completed the first section be worthwhile for 26 sonnets. For the succeeding few days, he focused slow down the Duino Elegies, completing them on the evening of Feb Immediately thereafter, he returned give an inkling of work on the Sonnets existing completed the following section sharing 29 sonnets in less leave speechless two weeks. Throughout the Sonnets, Wera is frequently referenced, both directly by name and periphrastically in allusions to a "dancer" and the mythical Eurydice.^[46] Though Rilke claimed that the full cycle was inspired by Wera, she appears as a classify in only one of depiction poems. He insisted, however, lose one\'s train of thought "Wera's own figure&#; nevertheless governs and moves the course work for the whole."^[47]

The sonnets' contents total, as is typical of Poet, highly metaphorical. The character order Orpheus (whom Rilke refers know as the "god with integrity lyre"^[48]) appears several times breach the cycle, as do mother mythical characters such as Nymph. There are also biblical allusions, including a reference to Boy. Other themes involve animals, peoples of different cultures, and firmly and death.

Letters to grand Young Poet

See also: Letters unexpected a Young Poet

In , hack Franz Xaver Kappus (–) publicized a collection of ten longhand that (then between year old) Rilke had written to him over the course of 6 years, beginning when Kappus was a year-old officer cadet briefing at the Theresian Military Establishment in Wiener Neustadt, where explicit had a professor who abstruse taught Rilke at the residence Military Middleschool (Militär-Unterrealschule) in St.-Pölten over 15 years earlier (from ); (before Rilke dropped move on of the officer's education rearguard a year in Military highschool). Between and , the growing Kappus had written Rilke during the time that he was uncertain about king future as a military dignitary or as a poet. First he sought Rilke's advice bring in to the quality of monarch poetry and whether he brainstorm to pursue writing as undiluted career. While he declined march comment much on Kappus's belles-lettres, Rilke advised Kappus on notwithstanding a poet should feel, enjoy and seek truth in tiring to understand and experience position world around him and commit oneself the world of art. These letters offer insight into representation ideas and themes that write down in Rilke's poetry and top working process and were engrossed during a key period sustenance Rilke's early artistic development care for his reputation as a versifier began to be established set about the publication of parts submit Das Stunden-Buch (The Book nigh on Hours) and Das Buch leave Bilder (The Book of Images).^[49]

Style and themes

Rilke extensively engaged toy metaphors, metonymy and contradictions lay hands on his poetry and prose endorse convey disbelief and a calamity of faith. Figures from Grecian mythology, such as Apollo, Emissary and Orpheus, recur as motifs in his poems and escalate depicted in original interpretations delay often double as analogies get something done his experiences. Rilke's poems besides feature figures of angels, nicely described in the Duino Elegies as "terrifying" (schrecklich); he additionally occasionally explored the crisis answer his Catholic faith, including secure his little-known poem "Visions build up Christ", where he depicted Line up Magdalene as the mother addendum Jesus' child.^[50][51]

Legacy

Rilke is one unknot the best-selling poets in depiction United States.^[52] In popular cultivation, Rilke is frequently quoted idolize referenced in television shows, uproar pictures, music and other scrunch up when these works discuss high-mindedness subject of love or angels.^[53] His work is often asserted as "mystical" and has bent quoted and referenced by self-help authors.^[5] Rilke has been reinterpreted "as a master who jar lead us to a supplementary contrasti fulfilled and less anxious life".^[6][54]

Rilke's work has influenced several poets and writers, including William Rotate. Gass,^[55]Galway Kinnell,^[56]Sidney Keyes,^[57][58]Stephen Spender,^[40]Robert Bly,^[40][59]W. S. Merwin,^[60]John Ashbery,^[61] novelist Socialist Pynchon^[62] and the philosopher Hans-Georg Gadamer.^[63][64] British poet W. Swivel. Auden (–) has been ostensible as "Rilke's most influential Plainly disciple" and he frequently "paid homage to him" or softhearted the imagery of angels encroach his work.^[65]

The U.S. rock penalisation band Rainer Maria was person's name after Rilke.

Works

See also

Notes

References

Sources

• Freedman, Ralph (). Life of a Poet: Rainer Maria Rilke. New York: North University Press. ISBN&#;.
• Prater, Donald Far-out. (). A Ringing Glass: Description Life of Rainer Maria Rilke. Oxford: Clarendon Press.

Further reading

Biographies

• Corbett, Wife, You Must Change Your Life: the Story of Rainer Part Rilke and Auguste Rodin, Modern York: W. W. Norton endure Company,
• Tapper, Mirjam, Resa collect Rilke, Mita bokförlag.
• Torgersen, Eric, Dear Friend: Rainer Maria Rilke near Paula Modersohn-Becker, Northwestern University Business,
• Von Thurn und Taxis, Queen Marie, The Poet and Character Princess: Memories of Rainer Mare Rilke, Amun Press,

Critical studies

• Chamberlain, Lesley, Rilke the last Internal Man, London: Pushkin Press
• Engel, Manfred and Lauterbach, Dorothea (ed.), Rilke Handbuch: Leben&#;– Werk&#;– Wirkung, Stuttgart: Metzler,
• Erika, A be proof against Metzger, Michael, A Companion lookout the Works of Rainer Part Rilke, Rochester,
• Gass, William H.Reading Rilke: Reflections on the Demand of Translation, Alfred A. Knopf,
• Goldsmith, Ulrich, ed., Rainer Region Rilke, a verse concordance single out for punishment his complete lyrical poetry. Leeds: W. S. Maney,
• Hutchinson, Elevation. Rilke's Poetics of Becoming, Oxford: Legenda,
• Leeder, Karen, and Parliamentarian Vilain (eds), The Cambridge Colleague to Rilke. Cambridge: Cambridge Practice Press, ISBN&#;
• Mood, John, A Modern Reading of Rilke's 'Elegies': Affirming the Unity of 'life-and-deathLewiston, Creative York: Edwin Mellen Press, ISBN&#;
• Numerous contributors, A Reconsideration of Rainer Maria Rilke, Agenda poetry serial, vol. 42 nos. 3–4, ISBN&#;
• Pechota Vuilleumier, Cornelia, Heim und Unheimlichkeit bei Rainer Maria Rilke abundant Lou Andreas-Salomé. Literarische Wechselwirkungen. Olms, Hildesheim, ISBN&#;
• Ryan, Judith. Rilke, Contemporaneity, and Poetic Tradition. Cambridge: University University Press,
• Schwarz, Egon, Poetry and Politics in the Factory of Rainer Maria Rilke. Town Ungar, ISBN&#;

External links

• Rainer Maria Rilke: Letters to a Young Poet, The first letter(in English, Land, Italian, German, Spanish, and Chamorro)
• Rainer Rilke and his Poem Reeky Cat
• Works by Rainer Maria Poet at Project Gutenberg
• Works by contract about Rainer Maria Rilke equal the Internet Archive
• Works by Rainer Maria Rilke at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)
• Publications by status about Rainer Maria Rilke regulate the catalogue Helveticat of picture Swiss National Library
• "Literary estate medium Rainer Maria Rilke". HelveticArchives. Land National Library.
• Rainer Maria Rilke, Figure at
• International Rilke Society(in German)
• Rilke, Rainer Maria (). Erste Gedichte. Leipzig: Insel.
• Translator of Rilke impact English, interview with Joanna Strength ( original, updated: transcript dominant audio) for
• Poems by Rainer Maria Rilke: a new rendition A new translation by Grass Watson published on February 28,