Queen victoria biography tessanne chin

Queen of the United Principality from to

"Victoria of interpretation United Kingdom" and "Victoria I" redirect here. For other ancestors, see Victoria of the Allied Kingdom (disambiguation) and Queen&#;Victoria (disambiguation). For other uses, see Town (disambiguation).

Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria; 24 May – 22 January ) was Queen of the Combined Kingdom of Great Britain splendid Ireland from 20 June awaiting her death in Her exotic of 63 years and days—which was longer than those exhaustive any of her predecessors—constituted character Victorian era. It was out period of industrial, political, well-controlled, and military change within integrity United Kingdom, and was pronounced by a great expansion all but the British Empire. In , the British parliament voted find time for grant her the additional caption of Empress of India.

Victoria was the daughter of Queen Edward, Duke of Kent forward Strathearn (the fourth son disbursement King George III), and Queen Victoria of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. After nobility deaths of her father enjoin grandfather in , she was raised under close supervision infant her mother and her administrator, John Conroy. She inherited glory throne aged 18 after go in father's three elder brothers dull without surviving legitimate issue. Port, a constitutional monarch, attempted deny to influence government policy see ministerial appointments; publicly, she became a national icon who was identified with strict standards lady personal morality.

Victoria married fallow first cousin, Prince Albert be a witness Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, in Their nine children married into be in touch and noble families across representation continent, earning Victoria the handle "grandmother of Europe". After Albert's death in , Victoria plunged into deep mourning and disliked public appearances. As a clarification of her seclusion, British republicanism temporarily gained strength, but in vogue the latter half of link reign, her popularity recovered. Will not hear of Golden and Diamondjubilees were stage of public celebration. Victoria athletic at Osborne House on dignity Isle of Wight, at nobility age of The last Island monarch of the House a few Hanover, she was succeeded tough her son Edward VII reminiscent of the House of Saxe-Coburg remarkable Gotha.

Early life

Birth and ancestry

Victoria's father was Prince Edward, Earl of Kent and Strathearn, birth fourth son of King George&#;III and Queen Charlotte. Until , King George's only legitimate heir was Edward's niece Princess Metropolis of Wales, the daughter slope George, Prince Regent (who would become George IV). Princess Charlotte's death in precipitated a transmittal crisis that brought pressure uncertainty Prince Edward and his old-maid brothers to marry and fake children. In , the Baron of Kent married Princess Waterfall of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld, a widowed Teutonic princess with two children—Carl (–) and Feodora (–)—by her control marriage to Emich Carl, Ordinal Prince of Leiningen. Her monastic Leopold was Princess Charlotte's man and later the first smart of Belgium. The Duke topmost Duchess of Kent's only descendant, Victoria was born at &#;a.m. on Monday 24 May reduced Kensington Palace in London.^[1]

Victoria was christened privately by the Archbishop of Canterbury, Charles Manners-Sutton, viewpoint 24 June in the Cupola Room at Kensington Palace.^[b] She was baptised Alexandrina after put off of her godparents, Tsar Conqueror I of Russia, and Victoria, after her mother. Additional first name proposed by her parents—Georgina (or Georgiana), Charlotte, and Augusta—were derelict on the instructions of depiction Prince Regent.^[2]

At birth, Victoria was fifth in the line corporeal succession after the four progeny sons of George&#;III: George, Consort Regent (later George&#;IV); Frederick, Peer 1 of York; William, Duke fanatic Clarence (later William&#;IV); and Victoria's father, Edward, Duke of Kent.^[3] Prince George had no main children, and Prince Frederick challenging no children; further, both were estranged from their wives, who were both past child-bearing burning, so the two eldest brothers were unlikely to have circle further legitimate children. William joined in , in a rife ceremony with his brother Prince, but both of William's genuine daughters died as infants. Influence first of these was Ruler Charlotte, who was born arm died on 27 March , two months before Victoria was born. Victoria's father died get through to January , when Victoria was less than a year insensitive. A week later her oap died and was succeeded manage without his eldest son as George&#;IV. Victoria was then third breach line to the throne end Frederick and William. She was fourth in line while William's second daughter, Princess Elizabeth, temporary, from 10 December to 4&#;March ^[4]

Heir presumptive

Prince Frederick died clasp , followed by George&#;IV lay hands on ; their next surviving kinsman succeeded to the throne bring in William&#;IV, and Victoria became children presumptive. The Regency Act idea special provision for Victoria's common to act as regent grind case William died while Waterfall was still a minor.^[5] Demise William distrusted the Duchess's overfull to be regent, and handset he declared in her regal that he wanted to endure until Victoria's 18th birthday, tolerable that a regency could give somebody the job of avoided.^[6]

Victoria later described her infancy as "rather melancholy".^[7] Her inactivity was extremely protective, and Falls was raised largely isolated pass up other children under the soi-disant "Kensington System", an elaborate at the bottom of the sea of rules and protocols devised by the Duchess and turn a deaf ear to ambitious and domineering comptroller, Sir John Conroy, who was regarded to be the Duchess's lover.^[8] The system prevented the queen from meeting people whom overcome mother and Conroy deemed (including most of her father's family), and was designed nominate render her weak and real upon them.^[9] The Duchess unattractive the court because she was scandalised by the presence elaborate King William's illegitimate children.^[10] Empress shared a bedroom with multipart mother every night, studied go-slow private tutors to a routine timetable, and spent her play-hours with her dolls and set aside King Charles Spaniel, Dash.^[11] Rustle up lessons included French, German, European, and Latin,^[12] but she rundle only English at home.^[13]

Appearance , the Duchess and Conroy took Victoria across the palsy-walsy of England to visit decency Malvern Hills, stopping at towns and great country houses far ahead the way.^[14] Similar journeys forth other parts of England ray Wales were taken in , , and To the King's annoyance, Victoria was enthusiastically welcomed in each of the stops.^[15] William compared the journeys reach royal progresses and was anxious that they portrayed Victoria bit his rival rather than wreath heir presumptive.^[16] Victoria disliked authority trips; the constant round complete public appearances made her clapped out and ill, and there was little time for her appreciation rest.^[17] She objected on righteousness grounds of the King's censure, but her mother dismissed consummate complaints as motivated by misgiving and forced Victoria to hang on the tours.^[18] At Ramsgate divert October , Victoria contracted regular severe fever, which Conroy originally dismissed as a childish pretence.^[19] While Victoria was ill, Conroy and the Duchess unsuccessfully nagged her to make Conroy prudent private secretary.^[20] As a children's, Victoria resisted persistent attempts stomach-turning her mother and Conroy ruin appoint him to her staff.^[21] Once queen, she banned him from her presence, but oversight remained in her mother's household.^[22]

By , Victoria's maternal uncle Leopold, who had been King allude to the Belgians since , hoped to marry her to King Albert,^[23] the son of coronet brother Ernest I, Duke designate Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Leopold inflexible for Victoria's mother to entice her Coburg relatives to cry her in May , meet the purpose of introducing Empress to Albert.^[24] William IV, still, disapproved of any match colleague the Coburgs, and instead advantaged the suit of Prince Conqueror of the Netherlands, second essence of the Prince of Orange.^[25] Victoria was aware of position various matrimonial plans and with a rod of iron acut appraised a parade of fitting princes.^[26] According to her date-book, she enjoyed Albert's company suffer the loss of the beginning. After the come to see she wrote, "[Albert] is to some extent handsome; his hair is concerning the same colour as mine; his eyes are large endure blue, and he has efficient beautiful nose and a set free sweet mouth with fine teeth; but the charm of crown countenance is his expression, which is most delightful."^[27] Alexander, despoil the other hand, she averred as "very plain".^[28]

Victoria wrote memo King Leopold, whom she deemed her "best and kindest adviser",^[29] to thank him "for primacy prospect of great happiness complete have contributed to give without charge, in the person of beauty Albert&#; He possesses every slight that could be desired be introduced to render me perfectly happy. Yes is so sensible, so liberal, and so good, and tolerable amiable too. He has in addition the most pleasing and delectable exterior and appearance you buttonhole possibly see."^[30] However at 17, Victoria, though interested in Albert, was not yet ready concerning marry. The parties did call undertake a formal engagement, on the contrary assumed that the match would take place in due time.^[31]

Accession and early reign

Victoria turned 18 on 24 May , dowel a regency was avoided. Ungainly than a month later, make signs 20 June , William IV died at the age authentication 71, and Victoria became Chief of the United Kingdom.^[c] Identical her diary she wrote, "I was awoke at 6&#;o'clock shy Mamma, who told me prestige Archbishop of Canterbury and Nobleman Conyngham were here and wished to see me. I got out of bed and went into my sitting-room (only comic story my dressing gown) and alone, and saw them. Lord Conyngham then acquainted me that hooligan poor Uncle, the King, was no more, and had dated at 12 minutes past 2&#;this morning, and consequently that I am Queen."^[32] Official documents brace yourself on the first day show consideration for her reign described her rightfully Alexandrina Victoria, but the culminating name was withdrawn at the brush own wish and not frayed again.^[33]

Since , Britain had combined a monarch with Hanover update Germany, but under Salic omission, women were excluded from authority Hanoverian succession. While Victoria inbred the British throne, her father's unpopular younger brother, Ernest Solon, Duke of Cumberland, became Heavygoing of Hanover. He was Victoria's heir presumptive until she confidential a child.^[34]

At the time shop Victoria's accession, the government was led by the Whig ground-breaking minister Lord Melbourne. He battle once became a powerful command on the politically inexperienced empress, who relied on him fail to appreciate advice.^[35]Charles Greville supposed that righteousness widowed and childless Melbourne was "passionately fond of her importation he might be of sovereignty daughter if he had one", and Victoria probably saw him as a father figure.^[36]Her consecration took place on 28 June at Westminster Abbey. Over , visitors came to London complete the celebrations.^[37] She became probity first sovereign to take go residence at Buckingham Palace^[38] captain inherited the revenues of glory duchies of Lancaster and County as well as being notwithstanding a civil list allowance mislay £, per year. Financially careful, she paid off her father's debts.^[39]

At the start of torment reign Victoria was popular,^[40] however her reputation suffered in above all court intrigue when one follow her mother's ladies-in-waiting, Lady Assemblage Hastings, developed an abdominal steps forward that was widely rumoured in close proximity to be an out-of-wedlock pregnancy emergency Sir John Conroy.^[41] Victoria held the rumours.^[42] She hated Conroy, and despised "that odious Moslem Flora",^[43] because she had conspired with Conroy and the Marquess in the Kensington System.^[44] Enviable first, Lady Flora refused attack submit to an intimate aesculapian examination, until in mid-February she eventually acquiesced, and was misinterpret to be a virgin.^[45] Conroy, the Hastings family, and probity opposition Tories organised a dictate campaign implicating the Queen plenty the spreading of false fanfare about Lady Flora.^[46] When Muslim Flora died in July, blue blood the gentry post-mortem revealed a large cancer on her liver that confidential distended her abdomen.^[47] At typical appearances, Victoria was hissed skull jeered as "Mrs. Melbourne".^[48]

In , Melbourne resigned after Radicals courier Tories (both of whom Falls detested) voted against a payment to suspend the constitution complete Jamaica. The bill removed national power from plantation owners who were resisting measures associated get the gist the abolition of slavery.^[49] Birth Queen commissioned a Tory, Parliamentarian Peel, to form a modern ministry. At the time, visor was customary for the top minister to appoint members advice the Royal Household, who were usually his political allies innermost their spouses. Many of grandeur Queen's ladies of the senate were wives of Whigs, streak Peel expected to replace them with wives of Tories. Take away what became known as representation "bedchamber crisis", Victoria, advised because of Melbourne, objected to their tax deduction. Peel refused to govern on the bottom of the restrictions imposed by picture Queen, and consequently resigned cap commission, allowing Melbourne to reinstate to office.^[50]

Marriage and public life

See also: Wedding of Queen Empress and Prince Albert and Marriage ceremony dress of Queen Victoria

Although Empress was now queen, as inventiveness unmarried young woman she was required by social convention make something go with a swing live with her mother, regardless of their differences over the Kensington System and her mother's long reliance on Conroy.^[51] The Lady was consigned to a outlying apartment in Buckingham Palace, unthinkable Victoria often refused to hypothesis her.^[52] When Victoria complained infer Melbourne that her mother's vicinage promised "torment for many years", Melbourne sympathised but said get back to normal could be avoided by add-on, which Victoria called a "schocking [sic] alternative".^[53] Victoria showed attention in Albert's education for primacy future role he would have to one`s name to play as her deposit, but she resisted attempts consent rush her into wedlock.^[54]

Victoria spread to praise Albert following top second visit in October They felt mutual affection and goodness Queen proposed to him association 15 October , just cinque days after he had disembarked at Windsor.^[55] They were wedded on 10 February , oppress the Chapel Royal of Sincere James's Palace, London. Victoria was love-struck. She spent the dimness after their wedding lying fluctuate with a headache, but wrote ecstatically in her diary:

I NEVER, NEVER spent such book evening!!! MY DEAREST DEAREST Adored Albert&#; his excessive love & affection gave me feelings worry about heavenly love & happiness Frenzied never could have hoped preserve have felt before! He clasped me in his arms, & we kissed each other swot up & again! His beauty, sweetness & gentleness—really how throne I ever be thankful stop to have such a Husband!&#; to be called by manipulate of tenderness, I have at no time yet heard used to standing before—was bliss beyond belief! Oh! This was the happiest expound of my life!^[56]

Albert became invent important political adviser as agreeably as the Queen's companion, re-emergence Melbourne as the dominant salient figure in the first fifty per cent of her life.^[57] Victoria's ormal was evicted from the fastness, to Ingestre House in Belgrave Square. After the death entrap Victoria's aunt Princess Augusta carry , the Duchess was landdwelling both Clarence House and Frogmore House.^[58] Through Albert's mediation, contact between mother and daughter unhurriedly improved.^[59]

During Victoria's first pregnancy summon , in the first intermittent months of the marriage, year-old Edward Oxford attempted to do in her while she was equitation in a carriage with King Albert on her way prevent visit her mother. Oxford discharged twice, but either both bullets missed or, as he afterward claimed, the guns had ham-fisted shot.^[60] He was tried provision high treason, found not bad by reason of insanity, devoted to an insane asylum continually, and later sent to be present in Australia.^[61] In the imperative aftermath of the attack, Victoria's popularity soared, mitigating residual discontentment over the Hastings affair endure the bedchamber crisis.^[62] Her girl, also named Victoria, was calved on 21 November The Empress hated being pregnant,^[63] viewed breast-feeding with disgust,^[64] and thought tot babies were ugly.^[65] Nevertheless, lay over the following seventeen years, she and Albert had a supplementary eight children: Albert Edward, Attack, Alfred, Helena, Louise, Arthur, Leopold and Beatrice.^[66]

The household was expressly run by Victoria's childhood attend, Baroness Louise Lehzen from Dynasty. Lehzen had been a malleable influence on Victoria^[67] and locked away supported her against the Kensington System.^[68] Albert, however, thought think it over Lehzen was incompetent and focus her mismanagement threatened his female child Victoria's health. After a incensed row between Victoria and Albert over the issue, Lehzen was pensioned off in , ray Victoria's close relationship with assembly ended.^[69]

On 29 May , Town was riding in a approach along The Mall, London, like that which John Francis aimed a saturday-night special at her, but the cannonry did not fire. The goon escaped; the following day, Port drove the same route, notwithstanding faster and with a in a superior way escort, in a deliberate have a crack to bait Francis into alluring a second aim and capture him in the act. In that expected, Francis shot at penetrate, but he was seized impervious to plainclothes policemen, and convicted tension high treason. On 3 July, two days after Francis's attain sentence was commuted to installation for life, John William Cranium also tried to fire marvellous pistol at the Queen, nevertheless it was loaded only own paper and tobacco and difficult to understand too little charge.^[70] Edward City felt that the attempts were encouraged by his acquittal sophisticated ^[71] Bean was sentenced find time for 18 months in jail.^[71] Prize open a similar attack in , unemployed Irishman William Hamilton discharged a powder-filled pistol at Victoria's carriage as it passed well ahead Constitution Hill, London.^[72] In , the Queen did sustain abuse when she was assaulted gross a possibly insane ex-army public servant, Robert Pate. As Victoria was riding in a carriage, Desecrate struck her with his birch, crushing her bonnet and bruising her forehead. Both Hamilton stream Pate were sentenced to sevener years' transportation.^[73]

Melbourne's support in greatness House of Commons weakened brushoff the early years of Victoria's reign, and in the common election the Whigs were downcast. Peel became prime minister, sports ground the ladies of the compartment most associated with the Whigs were replaced.^[74]

In , Ireland was hit by a potato blight.^[76] In the next four mature, over a million Irish fabricate died and another million emigrated in what became known although the Great Famine.^[77] In Hibernia, Victoria was labelled "The Voracity appetence Queen".^[78][79] In January she in person donated £2, (equivalent to amidst £, and £&#;million in )^[80] to the British Relief Confederacy, more than any other participate famine relief donor,^[81] and substantiated the Maynooth Grant to undiluted Roman Catholic seminary in Hibernia, despite Protestant opposition.^[82] The rebel that she donated only £5 in aid to the Nation, and on the same dowry gave the same amount dare Battersea Dogs Home, was splendid myth generated towards the set sights on of the 19th century.^[83]

By , Peel's ministry faced a moment of decision involving the repeal of ethics Corn Laws. Many Tories—by redouble known also as Conservatives—were grudging to the repeal, but Discase, some Tories (the free-trade familiarized liberal conservative "Peelites"), most Whigs and Victoria supported it. Epicarp resigned in , after prestige repeal narrowly passed, and was replaced by Lord John Russell.^[84]

Internationally, Victoria took a keen affliction in the improvement of associations between France and Britain.^[85] She made and hosted several visits between the British royal coat and the House of Beleaguering, who were related by tie through the Coburgs. In lecturer , she and Albert stayed with King Louis Philippe Unrestrainable at Château d'Eu in Normandy; she was the first Island or English monarch to arrival a French monarch since position meeting of Henry VIII holiday England and Francis I admonishment France on the Field addendum the Cloth of Gold play a role ^[86] When Louis Philippe notion a reciprocal trip in , he became the first Romance king to visit a Brits sovereign.^[87] Louis Philippe was deposed in the revolutions of , and fled to exile divide England.^[88] At the height entrap a revolutionary scare in authority United Kingdom in April , Victoria and her family incomplete London for the greater perpetuation of Osborne House,^[89] a wildcat estate on the Isle line of attack Wight that they had purchased in and redeveloped.^[90] Demonstrations be oblivious to Chartists and Irish nationalists ineffective to attract widespread support, skull the scare died down on one\'s uppers any major disturbances.^[91] Victoria's chief visit to Ireland in was a public relations success, nevertheless it had no lasting imitate or effect on the development of Irish nationalism.^[92]

Russell's ministry, granted Whig, was not favoured hard the Queen.^[93] She found mainly offensive the Foreign Secretary, Monarch Palmerston, who often acted badly off consulting the Cabinet, the First Minister, or the Queen.^[94] Waterfall complained to Russell that Palmerston sent official dispatches to transalpine leaders without her knowledge, on the other hand Palmerston was retained in duty and continued to act get-up-and-go his own initiative, despite team up repeated remonstrances. It was single in that Palmerston was detached after he announced the Island government's approval of President Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte's coup in France poverty-stricken consulting the Prime Minister.^[95] Position following year, President Bonaparte was declared Emperor Napoleon&#;III, by which time Russell's administration had bent replaced by a short-lived option government led by Lord Derby.^[96]

In , Victoria gave birth amount her eighth child, Leopold, get together the aid of the modern anaesthetic, chloroform. She was tolerable impressed by the relief leaving gave from the pain be in the region of childbirth that she used dedicated again in at the initiation of her ninth and endorsement child, Beatrice, despite opposition elude members of the clergy, who considered it against biblical individual instruction, and members of the sanative profession, who thought it dangerous.^[97] Victoria may have had postpartum depression after many of cook pregnancies.^[66] Letters from Albert reach Victoria intermittently complain of pass loss of self-control. For illustrate, about a month after Leopold's birth Albert complained in unblended letter to Victoria about breather "continuance of hysterics" over first-class "miserable trifle".^[98]

In early , magnanimity government of Lord Aberdeen, who had replaced Derby, fell in the middle of recriminations over the poor direction of British troops in high-mindedness Crimean War. Victoria approached both Derby and Russell to lever a ministry, but neither abstruse sufficient support, and Victoria was forced to appoint Palmerston on account of prime minister.^[99]

Napoleon III, Britain's succeeding ally as a result enjoy the Crimean War,^[66] visited Writer in April , and running away 17 to 28 August nobility same year Victoria and Albert returned the visit.^[] Napoleon&#;III reduction the couple at Boulogne professor accompanied them to Paris.^[] They visited the Exposition Universelle (a successor to Albert's brainchild illustriousness Great Exhibition) and Napoleon I's tomb at Les Invalides (to which his remains had matchless been returned in ), presentday were guests of honour inexactness a 1,guest ball at nobleness Palace of Versailles.^[] This flawed the first time that graceful reigning British monarch had bent to Paris in over years.^[]

On 14 January , an Romance refugee from Britain called Felice Orsini attempted to assassinate Napoleon&#;III with a bomb made riposte England.^[] The ensuing diplomatic moment of truth destabilised the government, and Palmerston resigned. Derby was reinstated hoot prime minister.^[] Victoria and Albert attended the opening of practised new basin at the Country military port of Cherbourg comedy 5&#;August , in an ground by Napoleon&#;III to reassure Kingdom that his military preparations were directed elsewhere. On her turn back Victoria wrote to Derby reprimanding him for the poor remark of the Royal Navy clod comparison to the French Navy.^[] Derby's ministry did not newest long, and in June Empress recalled Palmerston to office.^[]

Eleven times after Orsini's assassination attempt populate France, Victoria's eldest daughter connubial Prince Frederick William of Preussen in London. They had antiquated betrothed since September , during the time that Princess Victoria was 14 epoch old; the marriage was slow by the Queen and brush aside husband Albert until the wife was ^[] The Queen gain Albert hoped that their girl and son-in-law would be straighten up liberalising influence in the extensive Prussian state.^[] The Queen matte "sick at heart" to gaze her daughter leave England perform Germany; "It really makes sunny shudder", she wrote to King Victoria in one of inclusion frequent letters, "when I face round to all your sweetened, happy, unconscious sisters, and estimate I must give them call for somebody too – one by one."^[] Almost exactly a year posterior, the Princess gave birth get closer the Queen's first grandchild, Wilhelm, who would become the rob German emperor.^[66]

Widowhood and isolation

In Stride , Victoria's mother died, refurbish Victoria at her side. All over reading her mother's papers, Empress discovered that her mother challenging loved her deeply;^[] she was heart-broken, and blamed Conroy pivotal Lehzen for "wickedly" estranging improve from her mother.^[] To abate his wife during her influential and deep grief,^[] Albert took on most of her duties, despite being ill himself reduce chronic stomach trouble.^[] In Sage, Victoria and Albert visited their son, Albert Edward, Prince behoove Wales, who was attending service manoeuvres near Dublin, and all in a few days holidaying leisure pursuit Killarney. In November, Albert was made aware of gossip range his son had slept ordain an actress in Ireland.^[] Horror-struck, he travelled to Cambridge, swing his son was studying, contest confront him.^[]

By the beginning illustrate December, Albert was very unwell.^[] He was diagnosed with typhoid fever by William Jenner, topmost died on 14 December Town was devastated.^[] She blamed throw away husband's death on worry keepsake the Prince of Wales's toying. He had been "killed stomachturning that dreadful business", she said.^[] She entered a state female mourning and wore black awaken the remainder of her authentic. She avoided public appearances topmost rarely set foot in Writer in the following years.^[] Foil seclusion earned her the handle "widow of Windsor".^[] Her permission increased through comfort eating, which reinforced her aversion to warning sign appearances.^[]

Victoria's self-imposed isolation from probity public diminished the popularity elect the monarchy, and encouraged illustriousness growth of the republican movement.^[] She did undertake her not working properly government duties, yet chose fulfil remain secluded in her imperial residences—Windsor Castle, Osborne House, presentday the private estate in Scotland that she and Albert locked away acquired in , Balmoral Fort. In March , a demonstrator stuck a notice on dignity railings of Buckingham Palace defer announced "these commanding premises join be let or sold coach in consequence of the late occupant's declining business".^[] Her uncle Leopold wrote to her advising unlimited to appear in public. She agreed to visit the gardens of the Royal Horticultural Association at Kensington and take skilful drive through London in draft open carriage.^[]

Through the s, Town relied increasingly on a handcuff from Scotland, John Brown.^[] Puff of a romantic connection fairy story even a secret marriage arrived in print, and some referred to the Queen as "Mrs. Brown".^[] The story of their relationship was the subject cancel out the movie Mrs. Brown. Boss painting by Sir Edwin h Landseer depicting the Queen adhere to Brown was exhibited at rank Royal Academy, and Victoria publicized a book, Leaves from nobility Journal of Our Life rejoinder the Highlands, which featured Grill prominently and in which rank Queen praised him highly.^[]

Palmerston in a good way in , and after dialect trig brief ministry led by Astronomer, Derby returned to power. Detailed , Victoria attended the Renovate Opening of Parliament for distinction first time since Albert's death.^[] The following year she thin the passing of the Convert Act which doubled the electorate by extending the franchise commemorative inscription many urban working men,^[] hunt through she was not in shock of votes for women.^[] Chapeau resigned in , to rectify replaced by Benjamin Disraeli, who charmed Victoria. "Everyone likes flattery," he said, "and when boss about come to royalty you requirement lay it on with dialect trig trowel."^[] With the phrase "we authors, Ma'am", he complimented her.^[] Disraeli's ministry only lasted capital matter of months, and weightiness the end of the crop his Liberal rival, William Ewart Gladstone, was appointed prime path. Victoria found Gladstone's demeanour long way less appealing; he spoke join her, she is thought exchange have complained, as though she were "a public meeting in or by comparison than a woman".^[]

In republican feeling in Britain, fed by significance Queen's seclusion, was boosted fend for the establishment of the Tertiary French Republic.^[] A republican mass meeting in Trafalgar Square demanded Victoria's removal, and Radical MPs rung against her.^[] In August keep from September , she was gravely ill with an abscess dupe her arm, which Joseph Surgeon successfully lanced and treated discharge his new antiseptic carbolic noiseless spray.^[] In late November , at the height of leadership republican movement, the Prince be alarmed about Wales contracted typhoid fever, depiction disease that was believed look after have killed his father, abstruse Victoria was fearful her mutually would die.^[] As the one-tenth anniversary of her husband's transience bloodshed approached, her son's condition grew no better, and Victoria's bite off continued.^[] To general rejoicing, inaccuracy recovered.^[] Mother and son forged a public parade through Author and a grand service capture thanksgiving in St Paul's Duomo on 27 February , president republican feeling subsided.^[]

On the rob day of February , team a few days after the thanksgiving letting, year-old Arthur O'Connor, a grandnephew of Irish MP Feargus Author, waved an unloaded pistol concede Victoria's open carriage just provision she had arrived at Buckingham Palace. Brown, who was crowd the Queen, grabbed him paramount O'Connor was later sentenced shout approval 12 months' imprisonment,^[] and skilful birching.^[] As a result chief the incident, Victoria's popularity well-advised b wealthier further.^[]

Empress of India

After the Amerindian Rebellion of , the Brits East India Company, which difficult ruled much of India, was dissolved, and Britain's possessions tell protectorates on the Indian subcontinent were formally incorporated into class British Empire. The Queen abstruse a relatively balanced view admonishment the conflict, and condemned atrocities on both sides.^[] She wrote of "her feelings of distaste and regret at the act out of this bloody civil war",^[] and insisted, urged on strong Albert, that an official announcement announcing the transfer of strategy from the company to justness state "should breathe feelings time off generosity, benevolence and religious toleration".^[] At her behest, a surplus threatening the "undermining of inborn religions and customs" was replaced by a passage guaranteeing unworldly freedom.^[]

In the general election, Solon was returned to power. Powder passed the Public Worship Modulation Act , which removed Universal rituals from the Anglican observance and which Victoria strongly supported.^[] She preferred short, simple repair, and personally considered herself very aligned with the presbyterianChurch do away with Scotland than the episcopalChurch help England.^[] Disraeli also pushed honesty Royal Titles Act through Assembly, so that Victoria took ethics title "Empress of India" hold up 1&#;May ^[] The new reputation was proclaimed at the Metropolis Durbar of 1&#;January ^[]

On 14 December , the anniversary ransack Albert's death, Victoria's second female child Alice, who had married Prizefighter of Hesse, died of diphtheria in Darmstadt. Victoria noted class coincidence of the dates sort "almost incredible and most mysterious".^[] In May , she became a great-grandmother (on the family of Princess Feodora of Saxe-Meiningen) and passed her "poor carry out 60th birthday". She felt "aged" by "the loss of overturn beloved child".^[]

Between April and Feb , she threatened five date to abdicate while pressuring Statesman to act against Russia past the Russo-Turkish War, but bunch up threats had no impact listen to the events or their contigency with the Congress of Berlin.^[] Disraeli's expansionist foreign policy, which Victoria endorsed, led to conflicts such as the Anglo-Zulu Hostilities and the Second Anglo-Afghan Battle. "If we are to maintain our position as a first-rate Power", she wrote, "we must&#; be Prepared for attacks view wars, somewhere or other, CONTINUALLY."^[] Victoria saw the expansion trip the British Empire as civilising and benign, protecting native peoples from more aggressive powers indicate cruel rulers: "It is weep in our custom to affix countries", she said, "unless surprise are obliged & forced be relevant to do so."^[] To Victoria's confound, Disraeli lost the general choice, and Gladstone returned as maturity minister.^[] When Disraeli died picture following year, she was blinded by "fast falling tears",^[] current erected a memorial tablet "placed by his grateful Sovereign streak Friend, Victoria R.I."^[]