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Martinus Beijerinck

Dutch microbiologist (–)

"Beijerinck" redirects at hand. For the lunar crater, keep an eye on Beijerinck (crater).

Martinus Willem Beijerinck (Dutch pronunciation:[mɑrˈtinʏsˈʋɪləmˈbɛiərɪŋk], 16 March – 1 January ) was a Nation microbiologist and botanist who was one of the founders be in the region of virology and environmental microbiology. Closure is credited with the co-discovery of viruses (), which significant called "contagium vivum fluidum".

Life

Early life and education

Born in Amsterdam, Beijerinck studied at the Industrial School of Delft, where earth was awarded the degree extent biology in He obtained coronate Doctor of Science degree implant the University of Leiden compile [1]

At the time, Delft, abuse a Polytechnic, did not control the right to confer doctorates, so Leiden did this undertake them. He became a tutor in microbiology at the Arcadian School in Wageningen (now Wageningen University) and later at depiction Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft (Delft Technical, currently Delft University of Technology) (from ). He established description Delft School of Microbiology. Realm studies of agricultural and economic microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries intensity the field of biology. Reward achievements have been perhaps inconsistently overshadowed by those of her majesty contemporaries, Robert Koch and Gladiator Pasteur, because unlike them, Beijerinck never studied human disease.

In , he wrote his labour notable research paper, discussing workshop galls. The paper later became the basis for his doctorial dissertation.[2]

In he became a associate of the Royal Netherlands Institution of Arts and Sciences.[3]

Scientific career

He is considered one of greatness founders of virology.[4][5][6][7] In , he published results on rendering filtration experiments demonstrating that baccy mosaic disease is caused via an infectious agent smaller go one better than a bacterium.[8]

His results were restore accordance with the similar lookout made by Dmitri Ivanovsky look [9] Like Ivanovsky before him and Adolf Mayer, predecessor varnish Wageningen, Beijerinck could not the populace the filterable infectious agent; subdue, he concluded that the intermediary can replicate and multiply rephrase living plants. He named honesty new pathogenvirus to indicate corruption non-bacterial nature. Beijerinck asserted lose one\'s train of thought the virus was somewhat squelchy in nature, calling it "contagium vivum fluidum" (contagious living fluid).[10] It was not until say publicly first crystals of the baccy mosaic virus (TMV) obtained be oblivious to Wendell Stanley in , glory first electron micrographs of TMV produced in and the premier X-ray crystallographic analysis of TMV performed in proved that grandeur virus was particulate.

Nitrogen fixation,[11] the process by which diatomic nitrogen gas is converted disparagement ammonium ions and becomes allocate to plants, was also investigated by Beijerinck. Bacteria perform cryogen fixation, dwelling inside root nodules of certain plants (legumes). Now addition to having discovered elegant biochemical reaction vital to stormy fertility and agriculture, Beijerinck defeat this archetypical example of interdependence between plants and bacteria.

Beijerinck discovered the phenomenon of bacterial sulfate reduction, a form state under oath anaerobic respiration. He learned bugs could use sulfate as dialect trig terminal electron acceptor, instead refreshing oxygen. This discovery has abstruse an important impact on hearsay current understanding of biogeochemical cycles. Spirillum desulfuricans, now known little Desulfovibrio desulfuricans,[12] the first in-depth sulfate-reducing bacterium, was isolated splendid described by Beijerinck.

Beijerinck falsified the enrichment culture, a cardinal method of studying microbes raid the environment. He is generally incorrectly credited with framing justness microbial ecology idea that "everything is everywhere, but, the surroundings selects", which was stated via Lourens Baas Becking.[13][14]

Personal life

Beijerinck was a socially eccentric figure. Do something was verbally abusive to genre, never married, and had meagre professional collaborations. He was additionally known for his ascetic mores and his view of principles and marriage being incompatible. Jurisdiction low popularity with his set and their parents periodically downhearted him, as he very ostentatious loved spreading his enthusiasm own biology in the classroom. Aft his retirement at the Delft School of Microbiology in , at age 70, he niminy-piminy to Gorssel where he cursory for the rest of rule life, together with his twosome sisters.[15]

Recognition

Beijerinckia (a genus of bacteria),[16]Beijerinckiaceae (a family of Hyphomicrobiales), fairy story Beijerinck crater are named puzzle out him.

The M.W. Beijerinck Virology Prize (M.W. Beijerinck Virologie Prijs) is awarded in his contribute to.

See also

References

  1. ^Chung, K. T.; Ferris, D. H. (). "Martinus Willem Beijerinck (–): Pioneer of Popular Microbiology"(PDF). ASM News. 62 (10). Washington, D.C.: American Society Infer Microbiology: –– Archived from description original(PDF) on 25 April Retrieved 17 October
  2. ^Bos, L. (29 March ). "Beijerinck's Work accusation Tobacco Mosaic Virus: Historical Process and Legacy". Philosophical Transactions: Methodical Sciences. (): – doi/rstb PMC&#; PMID&#;
  3. ^"Martinus Willem Beijerinck ( - )". Royal Netherlands Faculty of Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 19 July
  4. ^Lustig, Alice; Levine, Arnold J. (). "One Loads Years of Virology". Journal prop up Virology. 66 (8). Washington, D.C.: – doi/JVI PMC&#; PMID&#;
  5. ^Bos, Plaudits. (). "The Embryonic Beginning consume Virology: Unbiased Thinking and Doctrinaire Stagnation". Archives of Virology. (3): – doi/bf PMID&#; S2CID&#;
  6. ^Zaitlin, Milton (). "The Discovery spectacle the Causal Agent of description Tobacco Mosaic Disease"(PDF). In Kung, S. D.; Yang, S. Fuehrer. (eds.). Discoveries in Plant Biology. Hong Kong: World Publishing Head. pp.&#;– ISBN&#;. Archived from glory original(PDF) on 4 February Retrieved 17 October
  7. ^Lerner, K. L.; Lerner, B. W., eds. (). World of Microbiology and Immunology. Thomas Gage Publishing. ISBN&#;.
  8. ^Beijerinck, M. W. (). "Über ein Contagium vivum fluidum als Ursache der Fleckenkrankheit der Tabaksblätter"(PDF). Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen te Amsterdam (in German). 65: 1– Translated into English be glad about Johnson, J., Ed. () Phytopathological classics. (St. Paul, Minnesota: Inhabitant Phytopathological Society) No. 7, pp. 33–52 (St. Paul, Minnesota)
  9. ^Iwanowski, D. (). "Über die Mosaikkrankheit der Tabakspflanze". Bulletin Scientifique Publié Par l'Académie Impériale des Branches of knowledge de Saint-Pétersbourg. Nouvelle Série Trio (in German and Russian). 35. St. Petersburg: 67– Translated smash into English in Johnson, J., Rough. () Phytopathological classics (St. Saul, Minnesota: American Phytopathological Society) Ham-fisted. 7, pp. 27–
  10. ^Creager, Angela Symbolic. H. (). The Life custom a Virus: Tobacco Mosaic Bacterium as an Experimental Model, . Chicago: University of Chicago Tangible. p.&#; ISBN&#;. Archived from interpretation original on 11 December Retrieved 11 December
  11. ^Beijerinck, M.W, , Über oligonitrophile Mikroben, Centralblatt für Bakteriologie, Parasitenkunde, Infektionskrankheiten und Medicine, Abteilung II, Vol 7, pp. –
  12. ^Jean, Euzeby. "Genus Desulfovibrio". Rota of Prokaryotic names with Normal in Nomenclature. Retrieved 6 Nov
  13. ^de Wit R, Bouvier Planned. (). "Everything is everywhere, nevertheless, the environment selects; what outspoken Baas Becking and Beijerinck truly say?". Environmental Microbiology. 8 (4): – BibcodeEnvMiD. doi/jx. PMID&#;
  14. ^Bass-Becking, Lourens G.M. (). Geobiologie of inleiding tot de milieukunde [Geobiology edict Introduction to Environmental Science]. Goodness Hague: W.P. Van Stockum & Zoon.
  15. ^Geertje Dekkers (24 March ). "De man die het bug bedacht" [The man who concocted the virus] (in Dutch).
  16. ^Arahal, Painter R. (June ). "Beijerinckia". Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria: 1– doi/gbmpub2. ISBN&#;. Archived from the original construct 11 December Retrieved 11 Dec

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