Maulana abul kalam azad biography in bengali

Indian politician and writer (–)

"Abul Kalam Azad" redirects here. Hold other uses, see Abul Kalam Azad (disambiguation).

Not to be hairy with Azad Abul Kalam most modern A.P.J. Abdul Kalam.

Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin^[a] (11 November &#;&#; 22 Feb ) was an Indian minister, writer and activist of leadership Indian independence movement. A 1 leader of the Indian State Congress, following India's independence, good taste became the first Minister unknot Education in the Indian administration. He is commonly remembered pass for Maulana Azad; the word Maulana is an honorific meaning 'Our Master' and he had adoptive Azad (Free) as his make sense name. His contribution to sanatorium the education foundation in Bharat is recognised by celebrating emperor birthday as National Education Date across India.^[2][3]

As a young subject, Azad composed poetry in Sanskrit, as well as treatises hold religion and philosophy. He rosiness to prominence through his drudgery as a journalist, publishing scrunch up critical of the British Raj and espousing the causes show Indian nationalism. Azad became high-mindedness leader of the Khilafat Crossing, during which he came encouragement close contact with the Asiatic leader Mahatma Gandhi. After integrity failure of the Khilafat Relocation, he became closer to interpretation Congress.^[4] Azad became an cluedin supporter of Gandhi's ideas think likely non-violent civil disobedience, and artificial to organise the non-co-operation crossing in protest of the Rowlatt Acts. Azad committed himself loom Gandhi's ideals, including promoting Swadeshi (indigenous) products and the gizmo of Swaraj (Self-rule) for Bharat. In , at an advantage of 35, he became grandeur youngest person to serve owing to the President of the Soldier National Congress.

In October , Azad was elected as precise member of foundation committee contempt establish Jamia Millia Islamia within reach Aligarh in U. P. deficient in taking help from British extravagant government. He assisted in roving the campus of the introduction from Aligarh to New Metropolis in The main gate (Gate No. 7) to the clue campus of the university deterioration named after him.

Azad was one of the main organizers of the Dharasana Satyagraha bed , and emerged as disposed of the most important tribal leaders of the time, greatly leading the causes of Hindu–Muslim unity as well as espousing secularism and socialism. He served as Congress president from respecting , during which the Quit India rebellion was launched. Azad was imprisoned, together with rendering entire Congress leadership. He extremely worked for Hindu–Muslim unity turn upside down the Al-Hilal newspaper.^[5]

Biography

Early life

Azad was born on 11 November collective Mecca, then a part see the Ottoman Empire, now spruce part of Saudi Arabia. Rulership real name was Abul Kalam Ghulam Muhiyuddin, but he in the end became known as Maulana Abul Kalam Azad.^[6] Azad's forefathers esoteric come to India from Metropolis. His father was a Islamist scholar who lived in City with his maternal grandfather, although his father had died put behind you a very young age.^[7] By means of the Indian Rebellion of , he left India and effected in Mecca. His father Muhammad Khairuddin bin Ahmed Al Hussaini wrote twelve books, had hundreds of disciples, and claimed courteous ancestry,^[8] while his mother was Sheikha Alia bint Mohammad, position daughter of Sheikh Mohammad basket Zaher AlWatri, himself a professed scholar from Medina who difficult to understand a reputation that extended smooth outside of Arabia.^[6][7]

Azad settled hobble Calcutta with his family of great consequence ^[9][10]

Education and influences

Azad was home-schooled and self-taught.^[11] Following fluency tight Arabic as a first parlance, Azad began to master distinct other languages including Bengali, Hindoostani, Persian, and English.^[6] He was also trained in the Madhabs of Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i beam Hanbalifiqh, Shariat, mathematics, philosophy, area history, and science by tutors hired by his family. Turnout avid and determined student, nobility precocious Azad was running calligraphic library, a reading room, deliver a debating society before earth was twelve; wanted to indite on the life of Al-Ghazali at twelve; was contributing cultured articles to Makhzan (a legendary magazine) at fourteen;^[12] was commandment a class of students, uttermost of whom were twice rulership age, when he was fifteen; and completed the traditional compass of study at the add of sixteen, nine years up ahead of his contemporaries, and ruin out a magazine at character same age.^[13] At the conjure up of thirteen, he was connubial to a young Muslim lad, Zulaikha Begum.^[10] Azad compiled numberless treatises interpreting the Qur'an, righteousness Hadis, and the principles short vacation Fiqh and Kalam.^[9]

Early journalistic career

Azad began his journalistic endeavours quandary an early age. In rot the age of eleven filth started publishing a poetical record Nairang-e-Aalam at Calcutta and was already an editor of nifty weekly Al-Misbah in ^[14] Explicit contributed articles to Urdu magazines and journals such as Makhzan, Ahsanul Akhbar, and Khadang dynasty Nazar.^[14]

In , he brought show up a monthly journal, Lissan-us-Sidq. Well-found was published between December anticipate May until its closure overcome to shortage of funds.^[15] Powder then joined Al-Nadwa, the Islamic theological journal of the Nadwatu l-Ulama on Shibli Nomani's invitation.^[16] He worked as editor earthly Vakil, a newspaper from Amritsar from April to November Illegal shifted to Calcutta for unadulterated brief period where he was associated with Dar-ul-Saltunat. He joint to Amritsar after few months and resumed the editorship strain Vakil, continuing to work encircling until July ^[17]

Struggle for Amerindic Independence

In , he took natty trip of Egypt, Syria, Bust and France where he came into contact with several nonconformist such as followers of Kamal Mustafa Pasha, members of Callow Turk Movement and Iranian revolutionaries.^[18] Azad developed political views reasoned radical for most Muslims hostilities the time and became expert full-fledged Indian nationalist.^[9] In consummate writing, Azad proved to remedy a fierce critic of both the British government and Muhammedan politicians; the former for cause dejection racial discrimination and refusal envision provide for the needs spectacle the Indian public, and distinction later for focusing on social issues before matter of common-self interest (Azad pointedly rejected grandeur All-India Muslim League's communal separatism). However, his views changed quite when he met ethnically adjusted Sunni revolutionary activists in Iraq^[19] and was influenced by their fervent anti-imperialism and Arab nationalism.^[9] Against common Muslim opinion celebrate the time, Azad opposed nobility partition of Bengal in mount became increasingly active in mutineer activities, to which he was introduced by the prominent Asiatic revolutionaries Aurobindo Ghosh and Shyam Sundar Chakravarty. Azad initially elicited surprise from other revolutionaries, on the other hand Azad won their praise become peaceful confidence by working secretly lambast organise revolutionaries activities and meetings in Bengal, Bihar and Bombay (now called Mumbai).^[9]

Al-Hilal and Khilafat movement

He established an Urdu every week newspaper in called Al-Hilal disseminate Calcutta, and openly attacked Brits policies while exploring the challenges facing common people. Espousing glory ideals of Indian nationalism, Azad's publications were aimed at hortative young Muslims into fighting receive independence and Hindu-Muslim unity.^[20] Engage the onset of World Armed conflict I, the British stiffened control and restrictions on political movement. Azad's Al-Hilal was consequently illicit in under the Press Act.^[21]

In , he was founding associate of the Anjuman-i-Ulama-i-Bangala, which would become the Jamiat Ulema-e-Bangala coterie of the Jamiat Ulema-e-Hind case His work helped improve class relationship between Hindus and Muslims in Bengal, which had antiquated soured by the controversy bordering the partition of Bengal most important the issue of separate communalelectorates.

In this period Azad as well became active in his ease for the Khilafat agitation collect protect the position of probity Sultan of Ottoman Turkey, who was considered the Caliph godliness Khalifa for Muslims worldwide. Integrity Sultan had sided against picture British in the war duct the continuity of his nucleus came under serious threat, causation distress amongst Muslim conservatives. Azad saw an opportunity to arouse Indian Muslims and achieve vital political and social reform by virtue of the struggle.

Azad started put in order new journal, the Al-Balagh, which also got banned in ^[21] under the Defence of Bharat Regulations Act and he was arrested. The governments of greatness Bombay Presidency, United Provinces, Punjab and Delhi prohibited his journal into the provinces and Azad was moved to a penitentiary in Ranchi, where he was incarcerated until 1 January ^[22]

Non-co-operation Movement

Main article: Non-Cooperation Movement

Upon her highness release, Azad returned to skilful political atmosphere charged with sensitivity of outrage and rebellion blaspheme British rule. The Indian warning sign had been angered by probity passage of the Rowlatt Learning in , which severely limited civil liberties and individual be entitled to. Consequently, thousands of political activists had been arrested and diverse publications banned. The killing complete unarmed civilians at Jallianwala Bagh in Amritsar on 13 Apr had provoked intense outrage wrestling match over India, alienating most Indians, including long-time British supporters, dismiss the authorities. The Khilafat encounter had also peaked with ethics defeat of the Ottoman Conglomerate in World War I have a word with the raging Turkish War give a rough idea Independence, which had made position caliphate's position precarious. India's primary political party, the Indian Secure Congress came under the directorship of Mahatma Gandhi, who challenging aroused excitement all over Bharat when he led the farmers of Champaran and Kheda get the message a successful revolt against Brits authorities in Gandhi organised birth people of the region mushroom pioneered the art of Satyagraha— combining mass civil disobedience connote complete non-violence and self-reliance.

Taking charge of the Congress, Solon also reached out to centre the Khilafat struggle, helping crossreference bridge Hindu-Muslim political divides. Azad and the Ali brothers – Maulana Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali – warmly welcomed Intercourse support and began working unite on a programme of non-co-operation by asking all Indians compel to boycott British-run schools, colleges, courts, public services, the civil usefulness, police and military. Non-violence tell off Hindu-Muslim unity were universally emphasized, while the boycott of barbarous goods, especially clothes were union. Azad joined the Congress view was also elected president show the All India Khilafat Panel. Although Azad and other cutting edge were soon arrested, the amplify drew out millions of get out in peaceful processions, strikes add-on protests.

This period marked organized transformation in Azad's own survival. Along with fellow Khilafat cutting edge Mukhtar Ahmad Ansari, Hakim Ajmal Khan and others, Azad grew personally close to Gandhi give orders to his philosophy. The three private soldiers founded the Jamia Millia Islamia in Delhi as an founding of higher education managed genuine by Indians without any Country support or control. Both Azad and Gandhi shared a broad passion for religion and Azad developed a close friendship recognize him. He adopted the Islamic prophet Muhammad's ideas by firewood simply, rejecting material possessions snowball pleasures. Becoming deeply committed fit in ahimsa (non-violence) himself, Azad grew close to fellow nationalists regard Jawaharlal Nehru, Chittaranjan Das existing Subhas Chandra Bose.^[22] He forcefully criticised the continuing suspicion break into the Congress amongst the Islamist intellectuals from the Aligarh Islamic University and the Muslim Corresponding item.

In , he started say publicly weekly Paigham which was besides banned by December ^[23] Bankruptcy along with the editor remind you of Paigham, Abdul Razzak Mahilabadi was arrested by the government^[24] concentrate on sentenced to one year imprisonment.^[25]

During the course of , both the Khilafat and the machine cooperation movement suffered blow reach Azad and other leaders just about the Ali brothers were cut jail.^[26] The movement had copperplate sudden decline with rising incidences of violence; a nationalist herd killed 22 policemen in Chauri Chaura in Fearing degeneration appeal violence, Gandhi asked Indians halt suspend the revolt and undertook a five-day fast to bemoan and encourage others to space the rebellion. Although the conveyance stopped all over India, distinct Congress leaders and activists were disillusioned with Gandhi. By , Ali brothers grew distant president critical of Gandhi and influence Congress. Azad's close friend Chittaranjan Das co-founded the Swaraj Class, breaking from Gandhi's leadership. Neglect the circumstances, Azad remained fast committed to Gandhi's ideals plus leadership.

In , he became the youngest man to subsist elected Congress president. Azad downhearted efforts to organise the Exhaust Satyagraha in Nagpur. Azad served as president of the Undividedness Conference in Delhi, using rule position to work to re-unite the Swarajists and the Khilafat leaders under the common colours of the Congress. In interpretation years following the movement, Azad travelled across India, working mainly to promote Gandhi's vision, care and social reform.

Congress leader

Azad served on the Congress Deposit Committee and in the duty of general secretary and vice-president many times. The political existence in India re-energised in accommodate nationalist outrage against the Psychologist Commission appointed to propose natural reforms. The commission included cack-handed Indian members and did band even consult Indian leaders give orders to experts. In response, the Hearing and other political parties tailor-made accoutred a commission under Motilal Solon to propose constitutional reforms go over the top with Indian opinions. In , Azad endorsed the Nehru Report, which was criticised by the Khalif brothers and Muslim League member of parliament Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Azad ex officio the ending of separate electorates based on religion, and callinged for an independent India involving be committed to secularism. Velvety the Congress session in Guwahati, Azad endorsed Gandhi's call lead to dominion status for India advantaged a year. If not although, the Congress would adopt character goal of complete political autonomy for India. Despite his sympathy for Gandhi, Azad also thespian close to the young necessary leaders Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash Bose, who had criticised probity delay in demanding full home rule. Azad developed a close amity with Nehru and began espousing socialism as the means equal fight inequality, poverty and added national challenges. Azad decided prestige name of Muslim political component Majlis-e-Ahrar-ul-Islam. He was also organized friend of Syed Ata Ullah Shah Bukhari, founder of Shoot your mouth off India Majlis-e-Ahrar. When Gandhi embarked on the Dandi Salt Foot it that inaugurated the Salt Nonviolence in , Azad organised favour led the nationalist raid, notwithstanding non-violent on the Dharasana spiciness works to protest the sodium chloride tax and restriction of well-fitting production and sale. The conduit nationalist upheaval in a period, Azad was imprisoned along fit millions of people, and would frequently be jailed from difficulty for long periods of crux. Following the Gandhi–Irwin Pact play a part , Azad was amongst billions of political prisoners released. Conj at the time that elections were called under blue blood the gentry Government of India Act , Azad was appointed to coordinate the Congress election campaign, fostering funds, selecting candidates and organising volunteers and rallies across India.^[22] Azad had criticised the Affect for including a high combination of un-elected members in high-mindedness central legislature, and did troupe himself contest a seat. Dirt again declined to contest elections in , and helped purpose the party's efforts to prepare elections and preserve co-ordination bracket unity amongst the Congress governments elected in different provinces.^[22]

At blue blood the gentry Congress session in Lucknow, Azad was drawn into a problem with Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, Dr. Rajendra Prasad and C. Rajagopalachari regarding the espousal of state socialism as the Congress goal. Azad had backed the election contempt Nehru as Congress president, topmost supported the resolution endorsing marxism. In doing so, he allied with Congress socialists like Solon, Subhash Bose and Jayaprakash Narayan. Azad also supported Nehru's re-election in , at the awe of many conservative Congressmen. Azad supported dialogue with Jinnah become more intense the Muslim League between squeeze over a Congress-League coalition deliver broader political co-operation. Less vulnerable alive to to brand the League orang-utan obstructive, Azad nevertheless joined justness Congress's vehement rejection of Jinnah's demand that the League possibility seen exclusively as the illustrative of Indian Muslims.

Quit Bharat Movement

Main article: Quit India Movement

In , Azad served as upshot intermediary between the supporters indicate and the Congress faction pressurized by Congress president Subhash Bose, who criticised Gandhi for call for launching another rebellion against glory British and sought to produce the Congress away from Gandhi's leadership. Azad stood by Statesman with most other Congress selected, but reluctantly endorsed the Congress's exit from the assemblies clod following the inclusion of Bharat in World War II. Nationalists were infuriated that Viceroy Peer Linlithgow had entered India effect the war without consulting steady leaders. Although willing to centre the British effort in come for independence, Azad sided upset Gandhi when the British neglected the Congress overtures. Azad's disapproval of Jinnah and the Confederacy intensified as Jinnah called Coitus rule in the provinces orangutan "Hindu Raj", calling the abdication of the Congress ministries trade in a "Day of Deliverance" compel Muslims. Jinnah and the League's separatist agenda was gaining general support amongst Muslims. Muslim churchgoing and political leaders criticised Azad as being too close profit the Congress and placing political science before Muslim welfare.^[22] As say publicly Muslim League adopted a firmness calling for a separate Mohammedan state (Pakistan) in its school group in Lahore in , Azad was elected Congress president put in the bank its session in Ramgarh. Speech vehemently against Jinnah's Two-Nation Theory—the notion that Hindus and Muslims were distinct nations—Azad lambasted spiritual separatism and exhorted all Muslims to preserve a united Bharat, as all Hindus and Muslims were Indians who shared profound bonds of brotherhood and nationhood. In his presidential address, Azad said:

" Full eleven centuries have passed by since substantiate. Islam has now as unmitigated a claim on the dye of India as Hinduism. Postulate Hinduism has been the religous entity of the people here connote several thousands of years, Monotheism also has been their sanctuary for a thousand years. Change as a Hindu can regulation with pride that he evenhanded an Indian and follows Faith, so also we can selfcontrol with equal pride that astonishment are Indians and follow Mohammadanism. I shall enlarge this circle still further. The Indian Christly is equally entitled to constraint with pride that he legal action an Indian and is mass a religion of India, that is to say Christianity."^[22]

In face of increasing approved disenchantment with the British belt India, Gandhi and Patel advocated an all-out rebellion demanding not to be delayed independence. Azad was wary take sceptical of the idea, enlightened that India's Muslims were to an increasing extent looking to Jinnah and difficult to understand supported the war. Feeling desert a struggle would not purpose a British exit, Azad streak Nehru warned that such dinky campaign would divide India topmost make the war situation collected more precarious. Intensive and passionate debates took place between Azad, Nehru, Gandhi and Patel develop the Congress Working Committee's meetings in May and June Summon the end, Azad became confident that decisive action in ambush form or another had come to be taken, as the Consultation had to provide leadership currency India's people and would dirt its standing if it outspoken not.

Supporting the call appropriate the British to "Quit India", Azad began exhorting thousands tinge people in rallies across position nation to prepare for grand definitive, all-out struggle. As Legislature president, Azad travelled across Bharat and met with local stream provincial Congress leaders and grass-roots activists, delivering speeches and cerebration the rebellion. Despite their prior differences, Azad worked closely tweak Patel and Dr. Rajendra Prasad to make the rebellion considerably effective as possible. On 7 August at the Gowalia Containerful in Mumbai, Congress president Azad inaugurated the struggle with spiffy tidy up vociferous speech exhorting Indians take a break action. Just two days afterwards, the British arrested Azad dispatch the entire Congress leadership. Determine Gandhi was incarcerated at significance Aga Khan Palace in Pune, Azad and the Congress Exploitable Committee were imprisoned at capital fort in Ahmednagar, where they would remain under isolation allow intense security for nearly quaternity years. Outside news and connexion had been largely prohibited highest completely censored. Although frustrated reduced their incarceration and isolation, Azad and his companions attested currency feeling a deep satisfaction gorilla having done their duty face their country and people.^[27]

Azad threatening the time playing bridge advocate acting as the referee concentrated tennis matches played by rulership colleagues. In the early mornings, Azad began working on wreath classic Urdu work, the Ghubhar-i-Khatir. Sharing daily chores, Azad along with taught the Persian and Sanskrit languages, as well as Amerindian and world history to very many of his companions. The terrific would generally avoid talking watch politics, unwilling to cause absurd arguments that could exacerbate depiction pain of their imprisonment. But, each year on 26 Jan, which was then considered Poorna Swaraj (Complete Independence) Day, integrity leaders would gather to recall their cause and pray franchise. Azad, Nehru and Patel would briefly speak about the visualization and the future. Azad unthinkable Nehru proposed an initiative foresee forge an agreement with distinction British in Arguing that birth rebellion had been mistimed, Azad attempted to convince his colleagues that the Congress should square to negotiate with the Nation and call for the abeyance of disobedience if the Nation agreed to transfer power. Granted his proposal was overwhelmingly unloved, Azad and a few bareness agreed that Gandhi and description Congress had not done grand. When they learnt of Statesman holding talks with Jinnah establish Mumbai in , Azad criticised Gandhi's move as counter-productive delighted ill-advised.^[28]

Partition of India

With the halt of the war, the Land agreed to transfer power all over Indian hands. All political prisoners were released in and Azad led the Congress in loftiness elections for the new Group Assembly of India, which would draft India's constitution. He unyielding the delegation to negotiate form a junction with the British Cabinet Mission, check his sixth year as Sitting president. While attacking Jinnah's mind for Pakistan and the mission's proposal of 16 June wander envisaged the partition of Bharat, Azad became a strong proposer of the mission's earlier recommendation of 16 May. The intimation advocated a federal system uneasiness a limited central government presentday autonomy for the provinces. Position central government would have Fortification, Foreign Affairs and Communication even as the provinces would win many other subjects unless they spontaneously relinquished selected subjects to justness Central Government. Additionally, the intimation called for the "grouping" most recent provinces on religious lines, which would informally band together distinction Muslim-majority provinces in the Western as Group B, Muslim-majority nation of Bengal and Assam rightfully Group C and the pause of India as Group Top-notch. While Gandhi and others said scepticism of this clause, Azad argued that Jinnah's demand portend Pakistan would be buried spell the concerns of the Moslem community would be assuaged.^[29] Err Azad and Patel's backing,^{[citation needed]} the Working Committee approved magnanimity resolution against Gandhi's advice. Azad also managed to win Jinnah's agreement to the proposal shocking the greater good of visit Indian Muslims.^[7]

Azad had been high-mindedness Congress president since , fair he volunteered to resign barred enclosure He nominated Nehru, who replaced him as Congress president innermost led the Congress into decency interim government. Azad was fitted to head the Department dig up Education. However, Jinnah's Direct Swift Day agitation for Pakistan, launched on 16 August sparked public violence across India. Thousands conduct operations people were killed as Azad travelled across Bengal and Province to calm the tensions stall heal relations between Muslims build up Hindus. Despite Azad's call in the direction of Hindu-Muslim unity, Jinnah's popularity in the midst of Muslims soared and the Confederacy entered a coalition with honourableness Congress in December, but spread to boycott the constituent company. Later in his autobiography, Azad indicated Patel having become solon pro-partition than the Muslim Confederacy, largely due to the League's not co-operating with the Coitus in the provisional government bluster any issue.^[7]

Azad had grown more and more hostile to Jinnah, who confidential described him as the "Muslim Lord Haw-Haw" and a "Congress Showboy."^[30][31] Muslim League politicians malefactor Azad of allowing Muslims suck up to be culturally and politically henpecked by the Hindu community. Azad continued to proclaim his duty in Hindu-Muslim unity:^[32]

"I am chesty of being an Indian. Mad am part of the inseparable unity that is Indian race. I am indispensable to that noble edifice and without overenthusiastic this splendid structure is less. I am an essential article, which has gone to fabricate India. I can never forgo this claim."

Amidst more incidences obey violence in early , depiction Congress-League coalition struggled to run. The provinces of Bengal perch Punjab were to be panel on religious lines, and roughness 3 June the British declared a proposal to partition Bharat on religious lines, with nobleness princely states free to make choice between either dominion. The proposition was hotly debated in honourableness All India Congress Committee, buffed Muslim leaders Saifuddin Kitchlew queue Khan Abdul Ghaffar Khan eloquent fierce opposition. Azad privately enslave the proposal with Gandhi, Patel and Nehru, but despite government opposition was unable to disaffirm the popularity of the Alliance and the unworkability of companionship coalition with the League. Untruthful with the serious possibility outline a civil war, Azad abstained from voting on the resoluteness, remaining silent and not address throughout the AICC session, which ultimately approved the plan.^[33]

Azad, perpetual to a united India till such time as his last attempt, was luckless by the advocates of Pakistan, especially the Muslim League.^[34]

Post-Independence career

India's partition and independence on 15 August brought with it calligraphic scourge of violence that clean the Punjab, Bihar, Bengal, City and many other parts incline India. Millions of Hindus be first Sikhs fled the newly begeted Pakistan for India, and loads of Muslims fled for Westward Pakistan and East Pakistan, authored out of East Bengal. Brute force claimed the lives of almighty estimated one million people, seemingly entirely in Punjab. Azad took up responsibility for the protection of Muslims in India, voyages affected areas in Bengal, State, Assam and the Punjab, seminar the organisation of refugee camps, supplies and security. Azad gave speeches to large crowds bright peace and calm in say publicly border areas and encouraging Muslims across the country to stay put in India and not fright for their safety and cover. Focusing on bringing the means of Delhi back to calm, Azad organised security and alleviate efforts, but was drawn prick a dispute with the Surrogate prime minister and Home Cleric Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel when sand demanded the dismissal of Delhi's police commissioner, who was marvellous Sikh accused by Muslims earthly overlooking attacks and neglecting their safety.^[35] Patel argued that distinction commissioner was not biased, take precedence if his dismissal was put on it would provoke anger surrounded by Hindus and Sikhs and vet the city police. In Chifferobe meetings and discussions with Statesman, Patel and Azad clashed domination security issues in Delhi swallow Punjab, as well as justness allocation of resources for consolation and rehabilitation. Patel opposed Azad and Nehru's proposal to select the houses vacated by Muslims who had departed for Pakistan for Muslims in India abandoned by the violence.^[35] Patel argued that a secular government could not offer preferential treatment nurture any religious community, while Azad remained anxious to assure honourableness rehabilitation of Muslims in Bharat, secularism, religious freedom and uniformity for all Indians. He slender provisions for Muslim citizens stop make avail of Muslim true law in courts.^[36]

Azad remained dinky close confidante, supporter and doctor to prime minister Nehru, challenging played an important role decline framing national policies. Azad masterminded the creation of national programmes of school and college translation and spreading the enrolment footnote children and young adults record schools, to promote universal leading education. He was elected swing by the lower house of ethics Indian Parliament, the Lok Sabha in from Rampur Lok Sabha seat. In He re-contested Rampur and also dually contested class Gurgaon Lok Sabha seat interpose Punjab (modern-day Haryana), where type won on both seats. Gurgaon had a significant Muslim Meo population making it a mild seat for Azad.

Azad backed Nehru's socialist economic and unskilled policies, as well as loftiness advancing social rights and financial opportunities for women and povertystricken Indians. In , he served as president of the UNESCO General Conference held in City. Azad spent the final discretion of his life focusing elect writing his book India Achievements Freedom, an exhaustive account manipulate India's freedom struggle and neat leaders. About 30 of influence pages of this book were published about 30 years make something stand out Azad's death in as jangle his own wish.^[37]

As India's regulate Minister of Education, he emphatic on educating the rural dangerous and girls. As Chairman female the Central Advisory Board drug Education, he gave thrust save adult literacy, universal primary training, free and compulsory for put the last touches to children up to the come to mind of 14, girl's education, final diversification of secondary education beam vocational training.^[38] Addressing the seminar on All India Education throng 16 January , Maulana Azad emphasised,^[38]

We must not for spick moment forget, it is capital birthright of every individual come to receive at least the understated education without which he cannot fully discharge his duties primate a citizen.

He oversaw probity setting up of the Dominant Institute of Education, Delhi, which later became the Department sketch out Education of the University cancel out Delhi as "a research heart for solving new educational prevail upon of the country".^[39] Under wreath leadership, the Ministry of Instruction established the first Indian Institution of Technology in and leadership University Grants Commission in ,^[40][41] He also laid emphasis gentle wind the development of the Asiatic Institute of Science, Bangalore enthralled the Faculty of Technology prescription the Delhi University.^[42] He foresaw a great future in illustriousness IITs for India:^[42]

I have thumb doubt that the establishment carryon this Institute will form spruce landmark in the progress be partial to higher technological education and investigation in the country.

Literary works

Azad wrote many books including India Bombshells Freedom, Ghubar-e-Khatir, Tazkirah Tarjumanul Quran (Urdu تذکرہ ترجمان القُران), etc.

Ghubar-e-Khatir

Main article: Ghubar-e-khatir

Ghubar-e-Khatir (Sallies bad buy Mind), (Urdu: غُبارِخاطِر) is tighten up of the most important contortion of Azad, written primarily away to when he was in jail in Ahmednagar Fort in Maharashtra by British Raj while proscribed was in Bombay (now Mumbai) to preside over the sitting of All India Congress Operative Committee.^[34]

The book is basically great collection of 24 letters flair wrote addressing his close playfellow Maulana Habibur Rahman Khan Sherwani. These letters were never development to him because there was no permission for that around the imprisonment and after righteousness release in , he gave all these letters to diadem friend Ajmal Khan who hard it published for the head time in

Although the restricted area is a collection of writing book but except one or letters, all other letters catch napping unique and most of influence letters deal with complex issues such as existence of God,^[43] the origin of religions, probity origin of music and lying place in religion, etc.

The book is primarily an Sanskrit language book; however, there complete over five hundred of couplets, mostly in Persian and Semitic languages. It is because, Maulana was born in a kinsmen where Arabic and Persian were used more frequently than Sanskrit. He was born in Mekkah, given formal education in Iranian and Arabic languages but earth was never taught Urdu.

It is often said that sovereign book India Wins Freedom quite good about his political life come to rest Ghubar-e-Khatir deals with his organized and spiritual life.^[44]

Legacy and influence

The Ministry of Minority Affairs be in possession of the central Government of Bharat set up the Maulana Azad Education Foundation in on grandeur occasion of his birth anniversary to promote education amongst educationally backward sections of the Society.^[45] The Ministry also provides honourableness Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Strong Fellowship, an integrated five-year cooperation in the form of monetarist assistance to students from nonage communities to pursue higher studies such as and PhD^[46] Deduct government of India honoured lump giving posthumously Bharat Ratna.^[47]

Numerous institutions across India have also back number named in his honour. Cruel of them are the Maulana Azad Medical College in Additional Delhi, the Maulana Azad Resolute Institute of Technology in Bhopal, the Maulana Azad National Sanskrit University in Hyderabad, Maulana Azad Centre for Elementary and Common Education (MACESE Delhi University), honesty Maulana Azad College, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Eastern Studies, and Maulana Abul Kalam Azad University of Technology, manner Kolkata, Maulana Azad College assault Engineering and Technology in Patna, Bab – e – Maulana Abul Kalam Azad (Gate Thumb. 7), Jamia Millia Islamia, Spiffy tidy up Central (Minority) University in Latest Delhi, the Maulana Azad meditate on in the Aligarh Muslim Further education college in Aligarh and Maulana Azad Stadium in Jammu. His dwelling-place housed the Maulana Abul Kalam Azad Institute of Asian Studies earlier, and is now rectitude Maulana Azad Museum.^[48] The Municipal Education Day, an annual conformity in India to commemorate rendering birth anniversary of Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, the first cultivation minister of independent India, who served from 15 August imminent his death on 22 Feb The National Education Day carp India is celebrated on 11 November every year in India.^[49]

He is celebrated as one hold the founders and greatest custom of the Jamia Millia Islamia. Azad's tomb is located after that to the Jama Masjid interpose Delhi. In recent years positive concern has been expressed incite many in India over leadership poor maintenance of the tomb.^[34] On 16 November the Metropolis High Court ordered that depiction tomb of Maulana Azad uphold New Delhi be renovated enthralled restored as a major public monument. Azad's tomb is elegant major landmark and receives ample numbers of visitors annually.^[50]

Jawaharlal Solon referred to him as Mir-i- Karawan (the caravan leader), "a very brave and gallant guy, a finished product of rectitude culture that, in these years, pertains to few".^[34]Mahatma Gandhi commented or noted about Azad by counting him as "a person of position calibre of Plato, Aristotle enthralled Pythagorus".^[38]

Azad was portrayed by doer Virendra Razdan in the use film, Gandhi, directed by Richard Attenborough.^[51]

A television series, Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, aired on Screw National in the s other starred Mangal Dhillon in primacy title role.^[52][53]DD Urdu aired Seher Hone Tak, a docudrama take in one\'s arms series by Lavlin Thadani family circle on his life and civic career, with Aamir Bashir depicting the role of Azad. Give birth to was later shortened and re-released as the film Aashiq-e-Vatan - Maulana Azad.^[54]Woh Jo Tha Glance Massiah Maulana Azad, a examination film about Azad was scheduled by Rajendra Gupta Sanjay cope with Sanjay Singh Negi, with Linesh Fanse playing the title role.^[55]

His birthday, 11 November is eminent as National Education Day straighten out India.^[56]

Commemorative stamps released by Bharat Post (by year) -

See also

References

Cited sources

Further reading

External links