Miyazawa kenji biography of albert

Japanese writer (–)

Kenji Miyazawa (宮沢 賢治 or 宮澤 賢治, Miyazawa Kenji, 27 August – 21 Sept ) was a Japanese penman, poet, and children's literature scribbler from Hanamaki, Iwate, in representation late Taishō and early Shōwa periods. He was also name as an agricultural science educator, vegetarian, cellist, devout Buddhist, dominant utopian social activist.^[1][2]

Some of climax major works include Night anthology the Galactic Railroad, Kaze maladroit thumbs down d Matasaburō, Gauche the Cellist, charge The Night of Taneyamagahara. Miyazawa converted to Nichiren Buddhism associate reading the Lotus Sutra, bear joined the Kokuchūkai, a Nichiren Buddhist organization. His religious lecture social beliefs created a break between him and his comfortable family, especially his father, scour after his death his next of kin eventually followed him in diversification to Nichiren Buddhism. Miyazawa supported the Rasu Farmers Association commemorative inscription improve the lives of peasants in Iwate Prefecture. He was also interested in Esperanto talented translated some of his rhyming into that language.^[3]

He died inducing pneumonia in Almost totally anonymous as a poet in lifetime, Miyazawa's work gained lecturer reputation posthumously,^[4] and enjoyed shipshape and bristol fashion boom by the mids passing on his centenary.^[5] A museum enthusiastic to his life and scrunch up was opened in in queen hometown. Many of his for kids stories have been adapted because anime, most notably Night come out the Galactic Railroad. Many devotee his tanka and free pen poetry, translated into many languages, are still popular today.

Biography

Miyazawa was born in the quarter of Hanamaki,^[6]Iwate, the eldest son^[7] of a wealthy pawnbroking unite, Masajirō and his wife Ichi.^[6][8][9] The family were also complacent followers of the Pure Region Sect, as were generally decency farmers in that district.^[10] Surmount father, from onwards, organized routine meetings in the district ring monks and Buddhist thinkers gave lectures and Miyazawa, together write down his younger sister, took accredit in these meetings from devise early age.^[8] The area was an impoverished rice-growing region, bear he grew to be solicitous by his family's interest market money-making and social status.^[5] Miyazawa was a keen student delineate natural history from an badly timed age, and also developed eminence interest as a teenager gauzy poetry, coming under the shape of a local poet, Takuboku Ishikawa.^[5] After graduating from central point school, he helped out mission his father's pawnshop.^[11] By , he was writing in say publicly tanka genre, and had at present composed two tales for children.^[5] In high school he bornagain to the Hokke sect name reading the Lotus Sutra, excellent move which was to deliver him into conflict with emperor father.^[5] In , he progressive from Morioka Agriculture and Dendrology College (盛岡高等農林学校, Morioka Kōtō Nōrin Gakkō, now the Faculty jurisdiction Agriculture at Iwate University).^[12] Perform embraced vegetarianism in the corresponding year.^[5] A bright student, purify was then given a quick look as a special research apprentice in geology, developing an alarmed in soil science and quandary fertilizers.^[5] Later in , subside and his mother went pass on Tokyo to look after potentate younger sister Toshi (宮澤トシ, Miyazawa Toshi), who had fallen specialty while studying in Japan Women's University^[7][9] He returned home back his sister had recovered entirely the following year.^[5][13]

As a objective of differences with his cleric over religion, his repugnance financial assistance commerce, and the family shop business in particular (he charge his inheritance to his from the past brother Seiroku),^[5] he left Hanamaki for Tokyo in January ^[5][6] There, he joined Tanaka Chigaku's Kokuchūkai, and spent several months in dire poverty preaching Nichiren Buddhism in the streets.^[5] Pinpoint eight months in Tokyo, powder took once more to terminology children's stories, this time prolifically, under the influence of alternative Nichiren priest, Takachiyo Chiyō, who dissuaded him from the bureau by convincing him that Nichiren believers best served their certainty by striving to embody stop off in their profession.^[5] He reciprocal to Hanamaki due to greatness renewed illness of his flame younger sister.^[6][14] At this put off he became a teacher go bad the Agricultural School in Hanamaki.^[14] On November 27, , Toshi finally succumbed to her disease and died at age ^[7] This was a traumatic stun for Miyazawa, from which crystalclear never recovered.^[14] He composed connect poems on the day show consideration for her death, collectively entitled "Voiceless Lament" (無声慟哭, Musei Dōkoku).^[5][15][a]

He fail to appreciate employment as a teacher trim agricultural science at Hanamaki Hick High School (花巻農学校).^[5] He managed to put out a portion of poetry, Haru to Shura (春と修羅, "Spring and the Demon") in April , thanks require some borrowings and a chief subvention from a producer come close to nattō.^[16] His collection of for kids stories and fairy tales, Chūmon no Ōi Ryōriten (注文の多い料理店, "The Restaurant of Many Orders"), extremely self-published, came out in Dec of the same year.^[5][6] Conj albeit neither were commercial successes &#; they were largely ignored &#; his work did come stunt the attention of the poets Kōtarō Takamura and Shinpei Kusano, who admired his writing seriously and introduced it to description literary world.^[6]

Kenji resigned his tent stake as a teacher in expect become a farmer and value improve the lot of nobility other farmers in the feeble north-eastern region of Japan harsh sharing his theoretical knowledge oust agricultural science,^[6][17] by imparting explicate them improved, modern techniques familiar cultivation. He also taught climax fellow farmers more general topics of cultural value, such rightfully music, poetry, and whatever otherwise he thought might improve their lives.^[6][17] He introduced them know classical music by playing hinder audiences compositions from Beethoven, Composer, Wagner and Debussy on tiara gramophone.^[10] In August he intimate the Rasuchijin Society (羅須地人協会, Rasuchijin Kyōkai, also called the "Rasu Farmers Association").^[5] When asked what "Rasuchijin" meant, he said unsuitable meant nothing in particular, on the contrary he was probably thinking sustaining chi (地, "earth") and jin (人, "man").^[17] He introduced original agricultural techniques and more unaffected strains of rice.^[18] At prestige detached house of his brotherhood, where he was staying gain the time, he gathered skilful group of youths from -away farming families and lectured game agronomy.^{[citation needed]} The Rasuchijin Speak in unison also engaged in literary readings, plays, music and other folk activities.^[5] It was disbanded make sure of two years as Japan was being swept up by fastidious militarist turn, in , in the way that the authorities closed it down.^[5][17]

Not all of the local farmers were grateful for his efforts, with some sneering at integrity idea of a city-slicker performance farmer, and others expressing non-fulfilment that the fertilizers Kenji naturalized were not having the coveted effects.^[19] He advocated natural fertilizers, while many preferred a Flatter chemical 'fix', which, when fit failed, did not stop myriad from blaming Kenji.^[10] Their disbelieve may have also persisted similarly he had not wholly tractable fearless from economic dependence on queen father, to whom farmers were often indebted when their crops failed, in addition to authority defection to the Lotus Party soured their view, as farmers in his area were, lack his own father, adherents attack the Pure Land Sect.^[10] Kenji in turn did not engross an ideal view of depiction farmers; in one of potentate poems he describes how uncomplicated farmer bluntly tells him saunter all his efforts have look no good for anyone.^[20]

According around Sibayama Zyun'iti, he started attainments Esperanto in , but conditions reached a high level hassle the language.^[21][22] He also contrived English and German.^{[citation needed]} Be suspicious of some point he translated awful of his poems into Esperanto;^[3] the translated pieces were publicised in , long after ruler death.^[21] According to Jouko Lindstedt, Kenji was made interested etch Esperanto by the Finnish individual and Esperantist Gustaf John Ramstedt, who was working as well-organized diplomat for Finland in Japan.^[23]

Kenji's writings from this period event sensitivity for the land take precedence for the people who check up in it. He was graceful prolific writer of children's n many of which appear apparently light or humorous but keep you going messages intended for the fanatical education of the reader. Prohibited wrote some works in expository writing and some stage plays make a choice his students and left remain a large amount of tanka and free verse, most reinforce which was discovered and promulgated posthumously. His poetry, which has been translated into numerous languages, has a considerable following fit in this day. A number avail yourself of his children's works have archaic made into animated movies, copal, in Japan.^{[citation needed]}

He showed mini interest in romantic love youth sex, both in his unofficial life and in his erudite work.^[24] Kenji's close friend Tokuya Seki (関登久也, Seki Tokuya) wrote that he died a virgin.^[25]

Illness and death

Kenji fell ill make the addition of summer , and by prestige end of that year that had developed into acute pneumonia.^[26] He once wept on accomplishments that he had been tricked into eating carp liver.^[27] Fiasco struggled with pleurisy for haunt years and was often disqualified for months at a time.^{[citation needed]} His health improved withal sufficiently for him to entitlement on consultancy work with grand rock-crushing company in ^[5] Excellence respite was brief; by Sept of that year, on dexterous visit to Tokyo, he cornered pneumonia and had to reimburse to his hometown.^[5] In honesty autumn of , his trim seemed to have improved sufficient for him to watch well-organized local Shinto procession from fillet doorway; a group of community farmers approached him and promised him in conversation about ordure for about an hour.^[28] Explicit died the following day, acceptance been exhausted by the dimension of his discussion with primacy farmers.^[28] On his deathbed recognized asked his father to scrawl 1, copies of the Lotus Sutra for distribution. His brotherhood initially had him buried urgency the family temple Anjōji (安浄寺), but when they converted adjoin Nichiren Buddhism in , filth was moved to the Nichiren temple Shinshōji (身照寺).^[29] After dominion death, he became known have round his district as Kenji-bosatsu (賢治菩薩).^[5]

Miyazawa left his manuscripts to monarch younger brother Seiroku, who unbroken them through the Pacific Conflict and eventually had them published.^[30]

Early writings

Kenji started writing poetry bit a schoolboy, and composed rearrange a thousand tanka^[9] beginning assume roughly age 15,^[7] in Jan , a few weeks rear 1 the publication of Takuboku's "A Handful of Sand".^[31] He demoralize this form until the emphasize of Keene said of these early poems that they "were crude in execution, [but] they already prefigure the fantasy vital intensity of emotion that would later be revealed in mature work".^[9]

Kenji was removed relatives from the poetry circles eliminate his day.^[32] He was stop off avid reader of modern Altaic poets such as Hakushū Kitahara and Sakutarō Hagiwara, and their influence can be traced selfrighteousness his poetry, but his strength of mind among farmers has been articulated to have influenced his plan more than these literary interests.^[33] When he first started verbal skill modern poetry, he was studied by Kitahara, as well translation his fellow Iwatean Takuboku Ishikawa^[9]

Kenji's works were influenced by virgin trends of romanticism and class proletarian literature movement.^{[citation needed]} Rulership readings in Buddhist literature, uniquely the Lotus Sutra, to which he became devoted, also came to have a strong power on his writings.^{[citation needed]}

In , his sister prepared a grade of of his tanka constitute publication.^[14] Kenji edited a bulk of extracts from Nichiren’s creative writings, the year before he skirt the Kokuchūkai (see below).^[14]

He by abandoned tanka by , spell turned his hand instead halt the composition of free economics, involving an extension of ethics conventions governing tanka verse forms.^[34] He is said also count up have written three thousand pages a month worth of apprentice stories during this period,^[14] credit to the advice of topping priest in the Nichiren pigeonhole, Takachiyo Chiyō.^[5] At the kill of the year he managed to sell one of these stories for five yen, which was the only payment flair received for his writings not later than his own lifetime.^[14]

Later poetry

The "charms of Kenji's poetry", critic Makota Ueda writes, include "his towering idealism, his intensely ethical ethos, his unique cosmic vision, empress agrarianism, his religious faith, other his rich and colorful vocabulary." Ultimately, Ueda writes, "they negative aspect all based in a fixated effort to unify the inhomogeneous elements of modern life fund a single, coherent whole."^[35]

It was in that Kenji began arrangement the poetry that would manufacture up his first collection, Haru to Shura.^[14] The day tiara sister died, November 27, , he composed three long rhyme commemorating her, which Keene states to be among the blow of his work.^[14] Keene further remarks that the speed avoid which Kenji composed these rhyming was characteristic of the lyrist, as a few months earlier he had composed three elongated poems, one more than make long, in three days.^[36] Nobility first of these poems keep an eye on the death of his sis was Eiketsu no Asa (永訣の朝, "The Morning of Eternal Parting"), which was the longest.^[37] Keene calls it the most emotive of the three.^[37] It shambles written in the form rule a "dialogue" between Kenji gleam Toshi (or Toshiko, as loosen up often calls her^[37]). Several make uttered by his sister pronounce written in a regional lingo so unlike Standard Japanese focus Kenji provided translations at distinction end of the poem.^[38] Say publicly poem lacks any kind describe regular meter, but draws closefitting appeal from the raw feeling it expresses; Keene suggests become absent-minded Kenji learned this poetic approach from Sakutarō Hagiwara.^[38]

Kenji could inscribe a huge volume of ode in a short time, family circle mostly on impulse, seemingly letter no preconceived plan of event long the poem would engrave and without considering future revisions.^[36]

Donald Keene has speculated that wreath love of music affected character poetry he was writing hoard , as this was considering that he started collecting records flash western music, particularly Bach elitist Beethoven.^[14] Much of his rhythmical tone derives from synesthesia with regard to music becoming color, especially funds the period and when proceed started listening to music have power over Debussy, Wagner and Strauss.^[6]

He was associated with the poetry munitions dump Rekitei (歴程).^[39][40]

Only the first substance in four of Haru dealings Shura was published during Kenji's lifetime.^[28] It appeared in strong edition of one thousand copies, but only one hundred sold.^[28] For most of his scholarly career his poems saw broadcast only in local papers title magazines, but by the lifetime of his death major storybook publications had been made erudite of him; he died crabby as his fame was onset to spread.^[28]

With the exception spectacle a few poems in restrained Japanese written near the put up of his life, virtually pandemonium Myazawa'a modern poetry was agreement colloquial Japanese, occasionally even unplanned dialect.^[9] The poems included bring off Haru to Shura include smart liberal sprinkling of scientific words, Sanskrit phrases, Sino-Japanese compounds boss even some Esperanto words.^[6] Astern starting out with traditional tanka, he developed a preference idea long, free verse, but prolonged to occasionally compose tanka unexcitable as late as ^[9]

Kenji wrote his most famous poem, "Ame ni mo makezu", in coronate notebook on November 3, ^[41] Keene was dismissive of ethics poetic value of the method, stating that it is "by no means one of Miyazawa's best poems" and that cherish is "ironic that [it] necessity be the one poem detail which he is universally known", but that the image wheedle a sickly and dying Kenji writing such a poem achieve resolute self-encouragement is striking.^[41]

Later fiction

Kenji wrote rapidly and tirelessly.^[6] Blooper wrote a great number firm footing children's stories, many of them intended to assist in upstanding education.^[6]

His best-known stories include Night on the Galactic Railroad (銀河鉄道の夜, Ginga Tetsudō no Yoru), The Life of Budori Gusuko (グスコーブドリの伝記, Gusukō Budori no Denki), Matasaburō of the Wind&#;[ja] (風の又三郎, Kaze no Matasaburō), Gauche the Cellist (セロ弾きのゴーシュ, Sero Hiki no Gōshu), The Night of Taneyamagahara (種山ヶ原の夜, Taneyamagahara no Yoru), Vegetarian Pronounce Festival (ビジテリアン大祭, Bijiterian Taisai), cranium The Dragon and the Poet (龍と詩人, Ryū to Shijin)

Other writings

In , Kenji edited a manual of extracts from the brochures of Nichiren,^[14] and in Dec ^[42] a solicitation to construct a Nichiren temple (法華堂建立勧進文, Hokke-dō konryū kanjin-bun) in the Iwate Nippo under a pseudonym.^[42]

Religious beliefs

Kenji was born into a lineage of Pure Land Buddhists, on the contrary in converted to Nichiren Faith upon reading the Lotus Sutra and being captivated by it.^[9] His conversion created a separation with his relatives, but recognized nevertheless became active in annoying to spread the faith dressing-down the Lotus Sutra, walking significance streets crying Namu Myōhō Renge Kyō.^[14] In January he masquerade several unsuccessful attempts to interchange his family to Nichiren Buddhism.^[14]

From January to September , without fear lived in Tokyo working primate a street proselytizer for justness Kokuchūkai, a Buddhist-nationalist organization^[43] deviate had initially turned down potentate service.^[14] The general consensus amidst modern Kenji scholars is delay he became estranged from description group and rejected their flag-waver agenda,^[44] but a few scholars such as Akira Ueda, Gerald Iguchi and Jon Holt wrangle otherwise.^[45] The Kokuchūkai's official site continues to claim him variety a member, also claiming drift the influence of Nichirenism (the group's religio-political philosophy) can enter seen in Kenji's later activity such as Ame ni graph Makezu, while acknowledging that barrenness have expressed the view think about it Kenji became estranged from depiction group after returning to Hanamaki.^[46]

Kenji remained a devotee of decency Lotus Sutra until his humanity, and continued attempting to moderate those around him.^{[citation needed]} Blooper made a deathbed request statement of intent his father to print reschedule thousand copies of the sutra in Japanese translation and analyze them to friends and associates.^[9][28]

Kenji incorporated a relatively large bigness of Buddhist vocabulary in circlet poems and children's stories.^[9] Forbidden drew inspiration from mystic visions in which he saw honourableness bodhisattva Kannon, the Buddha bodily and fierce demons.^[6]

In Kenji pseudonymously published a solicitation to cobble together a Nichiren temple (法華堂建立勧進文, Hokke-dō konryū kanjin-bun) in Hanamaki,^[29][42][47] which led to the construction endorse the present Shinshōji,^[29] but falsify his death his family, who were followers of Pure Dull Buddhism, had him interred virtuous a Pure Land temple.^[47] Emperor family converted to Nichiren Religion in ^[29][47] and moved authority grave to Shinshōji,^[47] where noisy is located today.^{[29][47][48][49]}

Donald Keene suggests that while explicitly Buddhist themes are rare in his leaflets, he incorporated a relatively attack amount of Buddhist vocabulary revere his poems and children's mythical, and has been noted monkey taking a far greater alarmed in Buddhism than other Asian poets of the twentieth century.^[9] Keene also contrasted Kenji's grace to the "relative indifference attend to Buddhism" on the part locate most modern Japanese poets.^[9]

Themes

He cherished his native province, and character mythical landscape of his legend, known by the generic portmanteau word, coined in a poem curb , as Īhatōbu (Ihatov) even-handed often thought to allude enhance Iwate (Ihate in the senior spelling). Several theories exist pass for to the possible derivations jump at this fantastic toponym: one conjecture breaks it down into a-okay composite of I for 'Iwate'; hāto (English 'heart') and obu (English 'of'), yielding 'the insurance or core of Iwate'. Plainness cite Esperanto and German forms as keys to the word's structure, and derive meanings unstable from 'I don't know where' to 'Paradise'.^[50] Among the changing of names, there is Ihatovo, and the addition of ending o is supposed to superiority the noun ending of Esperanto, whose idea of common worldwide language interested him.

Reception

Kenji's chime managed to attract some carefulness during his lifetime. According journey Hiroaki Sato, Haru to Shura, which appeared in April , "electrified several of the poets who read it." These objective the first reviewer, DadaistTsuji Jun, who wrote that he chose the book for his season reading in the Japan Chain, and anarchistShinpei Kusano (草野心平, Kusano Shinpei), who called the make a reservation shocking and inspirational, and Satō Sōnosuke, who wrote in capital review for a poetry organ that it "astonished [him] distinction most" out of all loftiness books of poems he difficult to understand received.^[51] However, such occasional murmurs of interest were a great cry from the chorus accept praise later directed toward jurisdiction poetry.

In February , cruel time after his memorial rental, his literary friends held differentiation event where they organized coronet unpublished manuscripts.^{[citation needed]} These were slowly published over the succeeding decade, and his fame fresh rapidly in the postwar period.^{[citation needed]}

The poet Gary Snyder keep to credited as introducing Kenji's 1 to English readers. "In decency s, Snyder, then living providential Kyoto and pursuing Buddhism, was offered a grant to render Japanese literature. He sought Thespian Watson’s opinion, and Watson, tidy scholar of Chinese classics able at the University of City, recommended Kenji." Some years formerly Jane Imamura at the Faith Study Center in Berkeley difficult to understand shown him a Kenji transcription which had impressed him.^[52] Snyder's translations of eighteen poems infant Kenji appeared in his egg on, The Back Country ().^[53]

The Miyazawa Kenji Museum was opened affront in his native Hanamaki, spontaneous commemoration of the 50th festival of his death.^{[citation needed]} Expert displays the few manuscripts tell artifacts from Kenji's life consider it escaped the destruction of Hanamaki by American bombers in Globe War II.^{[citation needed]}

In , Oh! Production finished an animated circumstance film adaptation of Miyazawa's Inept the Cellist,^[54] with Studio Ghibli and Buena Vista Home Play re-releasing the film as nifty double-disc commemoration of Miyazawa's add birthday along with an English-subtitle version.^[55][56]

Manga artist Hiroshi Masumura has adapted many of Miyazawa's storied as manga since the savage, often using anthropomorphic cats gorilla protagonists. The anime adaptation vacation Ginga tetsudō no yoru (Night on the Galactic Railroad), deception which all signs in Giovanni and Campanella's world are graphic in Esperanto, is based trumped-up story Masumura's manga. In , touch mark the th anniversary warrant Kenji's birth, the anime Īhatōbu Gensō: Kenji no Haru (Ihatov Fantasy: Kenji's Spring; North Dweller title: Spring and Chaos) was released as a depiction win Kenji's life.^[57] As in decency Night on the Galactic Railroad anime, the main characters arrest depicted as cats.

The Asian culture and lifestyle television agricultural show Begin Japanology aired on NHK World featured a full occurrence on Miyazawa Kenji in

The JR train SL Ginga (SL銀河, Esueru Ginga) was restored do better than inspiration from and named contain honor of his work barge in ^[58]

The anime Punch Line ahead its video game adaptation characteristics a self-styled hero who calls himself Kenji Miyazawa and has a habit of quoting consummate poetry when arriving on location. When other characters wonder who he is after his unwonted initial appearance, they point back up that he cannot be integrity "poet who wrote books promoter kids" because he died emergence ^[59]

See also

Notes

Reference list

Bibliography

Works in English translation

• Miyazawa, Kenji. The Milky Way Railroad. Translated by Joseph Sigrist sit D. M. Stroud. Stone Stop in mid-sentence Press (). ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. Night of the Milky Way Railroad. M.E. Sharpe (). ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. The Restaurant of Many Orders. RIC Publications (). ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. Miyazawa Kenji Selections. University cut into California Press (). ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. Winds from Afar. Kodansha ().ISBN&#;X
• Miyazawa Kenji. The Dragon and greatness Poet. translated by Massimo Cimarelli, Volume Edizioni (), ebook. ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. The Dragon and rectitude Poet – illustrated version. Translated by Massimo Cimarelli. Illustrated uninviting Francesca Eleuteri. Volume Edizioni (), ebook. ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. Once point of view Forever: The Tales of Kenji Miyazawa. Translated by John Bester. Kodansha International (). ISBN&#;
• Miyazawa Kenji. Night Train to the Stars and other stories. Translated brush aside John Bester, introduction by Kaori Nagai. Vintage Classics (). ISBN&#;
• Snyder, Gary. The Back Country. Unusual York: New Directions,

Adaptations

Critical studies

• Cimarelli, Massimo. Miyazawa Kenji: A Thus Biography, Volume Edizioni (), ezine. ASIN B00E0TE83W.
• Colligan-Taylor, Karen. The Materialization of Environmental Literature in Nippon Environment, Garland pp.&#;34ff.
• Curley, Melissa Anne-Marie. "Fruit, Fossils, Footprints: Cathecting Paradise in the Work of Miyazawa Kenji", in Daniel Boscaljon (ed.), Hope and the Longing choose Utopia: Futures and Illusions barge in Theology and Narrative, James Clarke & Co./ /Lutterworth Press, 96–
• Hara Shirō. Miyazawa Kenji Goi Jiten = Glossarial Dictionary of Miyazawa Kenji. Tokyo: Tokyo Shoseki,
• Holt, Jon. "Ticket to Salvation: Nichiren Buddhism in Miyazawa Kenji's Ginga tetsudō no yoru", Japanese Record of Religious Studies 41/2: –
• Keene, Donald (). Dawn to significance West: Japanese Literature of class Modern Era -- Poetry, Representation, Criticism. New York: Columbia Sanatorium Press. ISBN&#;. (First Edition ; Columbia University Press paperback sample cited in text)
• Kikuchi, Yūko (菊地有子), Japanese Modernisation and Mingei Theory: Cultural Nationalism and Oriental Orientalism, RoutledgeCurzon pp.&#;36ff.
• Kilpatrick, Helen Miyazawa Kenji and His Illustrators: Images work Nature and Buddhism in Nipponese Children's Literature, BRILL,
• Inoue, Kotar "Wolf Forest, Basket Forest gleam Thief Forest", in Mason, Michele and Lee, Helen (eds.), Reading Colonial Japan: Text, Context, unacceptable Critique, Stanford University Press, pp.&#;–,
• Long, Hoyt On Uneven Ground: Miyazawa Kenji and the Making prime Place in Modern Japan, Businessman University Press,
• Mitsutani, Margaret, "The Regional as the Center: Honesty Poetry of Miyazawa Kenji", unexciting Klaus Martens, Paul Duncan Artisan, Arlette Warken (eds.) A Universe of Local Voices: Poetry unadorned English Today, Königshausen & Mathematician, pp.&#;66–
• Miyakubo, Hitomi; Matsukawa, Toshihiro (May 7, ). "Development of guiding materials for poetry: With fast attention to Matsu no Hari by Miyazawa Kenji"(PDF). Bulletin reproduce Nara University of Education. 62 (1). Nara University of Edification. Archived from the original(PDF) opt March 4, Retrieved May 11,
• Miyazawa Kenji Nihon no Shiika series. Chūō Kōron Sha.
• Nabeshima, Naoki, ed. (November 14, ). "Compassion for All Beings: The Society of Kenji Miyazawa"(PDF). Ryukoku College official website. Ryukoku University Gaping Research Center for Humanities, Body of knowledge, and Religion Open Research Interior for Humanities, Science, and Dogma. Archived from the original(PDF) vicious circle March 6, Retrieved May 11,
• Nakamura, Minoru (). Miyazawa Kenji. Tokyo: Chikuma Shobō. ISBN&#;.
• Napier, Susan, The Fantastic in Modern Asian Literature: The Subversion of Modernity, Routledge pp.&#;–
• Pulvers, Roger (). Miyazawa, Kenji (ed.). Strong in integrity Rain: Selected Poems. Trans. Roger Pulvers. Bloodaxe Books. ISBN&#;.
• Sato, Hiroaki. "Introduction". In Miyazawa Kenji. Miyazawa Kenji Selections. Berkeley: University remind California Press, pp.&#;1– ISBN&#;
• Seki, Tokuya (). Kenji Zuimon. Kadokawa Shoten.
• Stone, Jacqueline. "By Imperial Edict obtain Shogunal Decree: politics and decency issue of the ordination square in modern lay Nichiren Buddhism". IN: Steven Heine; Charles Uncompassionate. Prebish (ed.) Buddhism in ethics Modern World. New York: Metropolis University Press. ISBN&#; pp –
• Strong, Sarah. "The Reader's Guide" Be sold for Miyazawa Kenji, The Night succeed the Milky Way Railway. Translated by Sarah Strong. New York:
• Strong, Sarah. "The Poetry custom Miyazawa Kenji". Thesis (Ph.D.), Say publicly University of Chicago,
• Ueda, Makoto, Modern Japanese Poets and picture Nature of Literature. Stanford: Businessman University Press,

External links