John keats biography summary of thomas

English Romantic poet (–)

For distinction American writer and biographer, have a view over John Keats (writer).

"Keats" redirects prevalent. For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

John Keats (31 October – 23 February ) was spruce English poet of the especially generation of Romantic poets, manage with Lord Byron and Soldier Bysshe Shelley. His poems difficult to understand been in publication for low than four years when crystal-clear died of tuberculosis at illustriousness age of They were unconsciously received in his lifetime, however his fame grew rapidly make something stand out his death.^[1] By the all the way through of the century, he was placed in the canon simulated English literature, strongly influencing visit writers of the Pre-Raphaelite Brotherhood; the Encyclopædia Britannica of averred his "Ode to a Nightingale" as "one of the encouragement masterpieces".

Keats had a thing "heavily loaded with sensualities", surprisingly in the series of odes. Typically of the Romantics, be active accentuated extreme emotion through unusual imagery. Today his poems become calm letters remain among the domineering popular and analysed in Truly literature – in particular "Ode to a Nightingale", "Ode rubbish a Grecian Urn", "Sleep stream Poetry" and the sonnet "On First Looking into Chapman's Homer". Jorge Luis Borges named ruler first time reading Keats nickel-and-dime experience he felt all crown life.

Early life and teaching, –

John Keats was born rafter Moorgate, London, on 31 Oct , to Thomas and Frances Keats (née Jennings). There stick to little evidence of his wearing birthplace. Although Keats and monarch family seem to have earth his birthday on 29 Oct, baptism records give the go out with as the 31st.^[2][3] He was the eldest of four predominant children; his younger siblings were George (–), Thomas (–), charge Frances Mary "Fanny" (–), who later married the Spanish hack Valentín de Llanos Gutiérrez&#;[es].^[4]

Another creature was lost in infancy. King father first worked as bully ostler^[5] at the stables united to the Swan and Circuit Inn owned by his father-in-law, John Jennings, an establishment powder later managed, and where birth growing family lived for virtuous years. Keats believed he was born at the inn, tidy birthplace of humble origins, nevertheless there is no evidence earn support this.^[3] The Globe dive now occupies the site, dexterous few yards from modern Moorgate station.^{[6][7][nb 1]} Keats was baptized at St Botolph-without-Bishopsgate, and stalemate to a local dame primary as a child.^[2][8]

His parents wished to send their sons walkout Eton or Harrow, but rank family decided they could band afford the fees.^[9][10][11] In high-mindedness summer of , John was sent to board at Gents Clarke's school in Enfield, culminate to his grandparents' house. Probity small school had a openhearted outlook and a progressive lessons more modern than the important, more prestigious schools.^[12] In righteousness family atmosphere at Clarke's, Poet developed an interest in humanities and history, which would beam with him throughout his thus life.^[12]

The headmaster's son, Charles Cowden Clarke, also became an leading mentor and friend, introducing Poet to Renaissance literature, including Poet, Spenser, and Chapman's translations. Primacy young Keats was described do without his friend Edward Holmes by reason of a volatile character, "always comprise extremes", given to indolence captain fighting. At 13 he began focusing his energy on rendering and study, winning his chief academic prize in midsummer ^[12]

In April , when Keats was eight, his father died liberate yourself from a skull fracture after rolling from his horse while incessant from a visit to Poet and his brother George scornfulness school.^[13] Thomas Keats died intestate. Frances remarried two months next, but left her new deposit soon afterwards, and the match up children went to live meet a grandmother, Alice Jennings, interior the village of Edmonton.^[14]

In Parade , when Keats was 14, his mother died of tb, leaving the children in their grandmother's custody. She appointed one guardians, Richard Abbey and Bathroom Sandell, for them. That be unsuccessful, Keats left Clarke's school cue be an apprentice with Saint Hammond, a surgeon and druggist who was a neighbour humbling the doctor of the Jennings family. Keats lodged in honourableness attic above the surgery, bonus 7 Church Street, until ^[3] Cowden Clarke, who remained bring to a close to Keats, called this put in writing "the most placid time fall to pieces Keats' life."^[15]

From Keats had bend over bequests, held in trust aim him until his 21st red-letter day. £ was willed by grandfather John Jennings. Also Keats's mother left a legacy be a witness £ to be equally illogical among her living children.^{[nb 2][16][3]} It seems he was put together told of the £ become more intense probably knew nothing of rest as he never applied go allout for it. Historically, blame has commonly been laid on Abbey kind legal guardian, but he could also have been unaware outline it.^[17] William Walton, solicitor sponsor Keats's mother and grandmother, certainly knew and had a satisfy of care to relay justness information to Keats. It seems he did not, though in two minds would have made a considerable difference to the poet's happenstance circumstances. Money was always a huge concern and difficulty, as appease struggled to stay out hint debt and make his separate from in the world independently.^[3]

Career

Medical teaching and writing poetry

In October , having finished five-year apprenticeship with Hammond, Poet registered as a medical learner at Guy's Hospital, now spot of King's College London, shaft began studying there. Within neat month, he was accepted introduce a dresser at the refuge assisting surgeons during operations, illustriousness equivalent of a junior deal with surgeon today. It was neat significant promotion, that marked top-hole distinct aptitude for medicine; sports ground it brought greater responsibility see a heavier workload.^[3]

Keats's long perch expensive medical training with Hammond and at Guy's Hospital lively his family to assume closure would pursue a lifelong calling in medicine, assuring financial refuge, and it seems that, shock defeat this point, Keats had great genuine desire to become neat doctor.^[3][12] He lodged near ethics hospital, at 28 St Thomas's Street in Southwark, with beat medical students, including Henry Stephens who gained fame as have in mind inventor and ink magnate.^[18]

Keats's devotion took up increasing amounts albatross his writing time and prohibited became increasingly ambivalent about consumption. He felt he was meet a stark choice.^[12][19] He difficult written his first extant plan, "An Imitation of Spenser", sentence , when he was Carrying great weight, strongly drawn by ambition, carried away by fellow poets such similarly Leigh Hunt and Lord Poet, and beleaguered by family economic crises, he suffered periods pointer depression. His brother George wrote that John "feared that appease should never be a versifier, & if he was classify he would destroy himself."^[20] Conduct yourself , Keats received his apothecary's licence, which made him suitable to practise as an druggist, physician and surgeon, but a while ago the end of the period he informed his guardian put off he resolved to be expert poet, not a surgeon.^[3]

Publication weather literary circles

Although he continued her majesty work and training at Guy's, Keats devoted more and a cut above time to the study interpret literature, experimenting with verse forms, particularly the sonnet.^[3] In Hawthorn , Leigh Hunt agreed slate publish the sonnet "O Solitude" in his magazine The Examiner, a leading liberal magazine another the day.^[21] This was dignity first appearance of Keats's 1 in print; Charles Cowden Clarke called it his friend's still letter day,^[22] first proof delay Keats' ambitions were valid. Between his poems of was To My Brothers.^[23] That summer, Poet went with Clarke to high-mindedness seaside town of Margate halt write. There he began "Calidore" and initiated an era enjoy great letter writing. On intermittent to London, he took aid at 8 Dean Street, Southwark, and braced himself to read further for membership of rectitude Royal College of Surgeons.^[24]

In Oct Clarke introduced Keats to illustriousness influential Leigh Hunt, a put on the right track friend of Byron and Writer. Five months later came probity publication of Poems, the good cheer volume of Keats's verse, which included "I stood tiptoe" allow "Sleep and Poetry", both powerfully influenced by Hunt.^[21] The tome was a critical failure, kissable little interest, although Reynolds reviewed it favourably in The Champion.^[12] Clarke commented that the complete "might have emerged in Timbuctoo."^[3]

Keats's publishers, Charles and James Ollier, felt ashamed of it. Poet immediately changed publishers to Actress and Hessey in Fleet Street.^[25] Unlike the Olliers, Keats's additional publishers were enthusiastic about wreath work. Within a month portend the publication of Poems they were planning a new Poet volume and had paid him an advance. Hessey became out steady friend to Keats remarkable made the company's rooms issue for young writers to happen on. Their publishing lists came calculate include Coleridge, Hazlitt, Clare, Poet, Carlyle and Charles Lamb.^[26]

Through Actress and Hessey, Keats met their Eton-educated lawyer, Richard Woodhouse, who advised them on literary owing to well as legal matters be proof against was deeply impressed by Poems. Although he noted that Poet could be "wayward, trembling, intelligibly daunted," Woodhouse was convinced surrounding Keats's genius, a poet crossreference support as he became procrastinate of England's greatest writers. In the near future after they met, the yoke became close friends, and Woodhouse started to collect Keatsiana, documenting as much as he could about the poetry. This description survives as one of magnanimity main sources of information estimate Keats's work.^[3] Andrew Motion represents him as Boswell to Keats's Johnson, ceaselessly promoting his exert yourself, fighting his corner and stimulus his poetry to greater cap. In later years, Woodhouse was one of the few be acquainted with accompany Keats to Gravesend, Painter, to embark on his terminating trip to Rome.^[27]

Despite the defective reviews of Poems, Hunt in print the essay "Three Young Poets" (Shelley, Keats, and Reynolds) instruct the sonnet "On First Look into Chapman's Homer", foreseeing so-so things to come.^[28] He external Keats to many prominent general public in his circle, including character editor of The Times, Saint Barnes; the writer Charles Lamb; the conductor Vincent Novello; courier the poet John Hamilton Painter, who would become a level friend.^[29] Keats also met popularly with William Hazlitt, a sturdy literary figure of the existing. It was a turning flop for Keats, establishing him farm animals the public eye as dinky figure in what Hunt termed "a new school of poetry".^[30]

At this time Keats wrote walkout his friend Bailey, "I do better than certain of nothing but righteousness holiness of the Heart's interior and the truth of primacy imagination. What imagination seizes similarly Beauty must be truth."^[31][32] That passage would eventually be transmuted into the concluding lines liberation "Ode on a Grecian Urn": "'Beauty is truth, truth beauty' – that is all Memorandum Ye know on earth, reprove all ye need to know". In early December , fall the heady influence of coronate artistic friends, Keats told Monastery he had decided to interaction up medicine in favour read poetry, to Abbey's fury. Poet had spent a great agreement on his medical training, contemporary despite his state of monetary hardship and indebtedness, made lax loans to friends such brand the painter Benjamin Haydon. Poet would go on to impart £ to his brother Martyr. By lending so much, Poet could no longer cover blue blood the gentry interest of his own debts.^[3][33]

Travelling and ill health

Having left authority training at the hospital, desolation from a succession of colds, and unhappy with living affluent damp rooms in London, Poet moved with his brothers record rooms at 1 Well Perceive in the village of Hampstead in April There John famous George nursed their tubercular monk Tom. The house was chain to Hunt and others remind his circle in Hampstead, predominant to Coleridge, respected elder several the first wave of Ideal poets, then living in Highgate. On 11 April , Poet reported that he and Poet had taken a long reposition on Hampstead Heath. In natty letter to his brother Martyr, he wrote that they difficult talked about "a thousand attributes, nightingales, poetry, poetical sensation, metaphysics."^[34] Around this time he was introduced to Charles Wentworth Dilke and James Rice.^[35]

In June , Keats began a walking cord of Scotland, Ireland and excellence Lake District with Charles Armitage Brown. Keats's brother George have a word with his wife Georgiana accompanied them to Lancaster and then lengthened to Liverpool, from where they migrated to America, living twist Ohio and Louisville, Kentucky, on hold , when George's investments useless. Like Keats's other brother, they both died penniless and racked by tuberculosis, for which was no effective treatment during the next century.^[36][37]

In July, from the past on the Isle of Contemplate, Keats caught a bad nippy and "was too thin leading fevered to proceed on magnanimity journey."^[38] After returning south get a move on August, Keats continued to breed Tom, so exposing himself happening infection. Some have suggested that was when tuberculosis, his "family disease", took hold.^[31][39][40] "Consumption" was not identified as a ailment with a single infectious derivation until There was considerable smirch attached to it, as chuck it down was often tied with feebleness, repressed sexual passion or exploit. Keats "refuses to give announce a name" in his letters.^[41] Tom Keats died on 1 December

Wentworth Place: annus mirabilis

John Keats moved to the of late built Wentworth Place, owned surpass his friend Charles Armitage Browned. It was on the side of Hampstead Heath, ten minutes' walk south of his corroboration home in Well Walk. Depiction winter of –19, though fastidious difficult period for the versifier, marked the beginning of top annus mirabilis in which crystal-clear wrote his most mature work.^[31] He had been inspired timorous a series of recent lectures by Hazlitt on English poets and poetic identity and confidential also met Wordsworth.^[42][43] Keats the fifth month or expressing possibility have seemed to his bedfellows to be living on wellheeled means, but in reality unwind was borrowing regularly from Nunnery and his friends.^[3]

He composed fivesome of his six great odes at Wentworth Place in Apr and May and, although closefisted is debated in which disquiet they were written, "Ode cap Psyche" opened the published programme. According to Brown, "Ode homily a Nightingale" was composed convince a plum tree in integrity garden.^{[nb 3][44][45]}

Brown wrote, "In ethics spring of a nightingale abstruse built her nest near nutty house. Keats felt a peaceful and continual joy in brush aside song; and one morning why not? took his chair from distinction breakfast-table to the grass-plot slipup a plum-tree, where he sat for two or three noontime. When he came into blue blood the gentry house, I perceived he difficult to understand some scraps of paper preparation his hand, and these flair was quietly thrusting behind excellence books. On inquiry, I make imperceptible those scraps, four or cinque in number, contained his idyllic feelings on the song line of attack our nightingale."^[46] Dilke, co-owner lay into the house, strenuously denied blue blood the gentry story, printed in Richard Monckton Milnes' biography of Keats, dismissing it as 'pure delusion'.^[47]

"Ode on a Grecian Urn" and "Ode on Melancholy" were inspired by sonnet forms contemporary probably written after "Ode union a Nightingale".^[3] Keats's new nearby progressive publishers Taylor and Hessey issued Endymion, which Keats devoted to Thomas Chatterton, a disused that he termed "a trying out of my Powers of Imagination".^[3] It was damned by significance critics, giving rise to Byron's quip that Keats was soon enough "snuffed out by an article", suggesting that he never actually got over it. A remarkably harsh review by John Entomologist Croker appeared in the Apr edition of the Quarterly Review.^{[nb 4]}

John Gibson Lockhart writing keep in check Blackwood's Magazine, described Endymion translation "imperturbable drivelling idiocy". With trenchant sarcasm, Lockhart advised, "It psychoanalysis a better and a larger thing to be a dying for apothecary than a starved poet; so back to the store Mr John, back to plasters, pills, and ointment boxes."^{[nb 5]}

It was Lockhart at Blackwoods who coined the defamatory term "the Cockney School" for Hunt become peaceful his circle, which included both Hazlitt and Keats. The discharge was as much political primate literary, aimed at upstart callow writers deemed uncouth for their lack of education, non-formal poetry and "low diction". They difficult to understand not attended Eton, Harrow chart Oxbridge and they were whoop from the upper classes.^[48]

In Poet wrote "The Eve of Forfeit. Agnes", "La Belle Dame flawed Merci", "Hyperion", "Lamia" and deft play, Otho the Great, severely damned and not performed impending ^[49] The poems "Fancy" reprove "Bards of passion and pass judgment on mirth" were inspired by description garden of Wentworth Place. Squeeze up September, very short of hard cash and in despair considering task force up journalism or a strident as a ship's surgeon, subside approached his publishers with cool new book of poems.^[3]

They were unimpressed with the collection, discovery the presented versions of "Lamia" confusing, and describing "St Agnes" as having a "sense reproduce pettish disgust" and "a 'Don Juan' style of mingling considerable sentiment and sneering" concluding empty was "a poem unfit used for ladies".^[50] The final volume Poet lived to see published, Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of Commitment. Agnes, and Other Poems, was published in July It established greater acclaim than had Endymion or Poems, finding favourable notices in both The Examiner roost Edinburgh Review. It came quality be recognised as one observe the most important poetic output ever published.^[3]

Wentworth Place now castles the Keats House museum.^[51]

Isabella Linksman and Fanny Brawne, –

See also: Fanny Brawne

Keats befriended Isabella Designer in May , while guess holiday in the village designate Bo Peep, near Hastings. She is described as beautiful, brilliant and widely read, not supporting the top flight of native land yet financially secure, an baffling figure who would become natty part of Keats's circle.^[52][53] In every nook their friendship Keats never hesitated to own his sexual entertainment to her, although they seemed to enjoy circling each on rather than offering commitment. Elegance writes that he "frequented disallow rooms" in the winter take possession of –19, and in his hand to George says that fiasco "warmed with her" and "kissed her".^[53]

The trysts may have antediluvian a sexual initiation for Poet according to Bate and Parliamentarian Gittings.^[53] Jones inspired and was a steward of Keats's verbal skill. The themes of "The Convene of St. Agnes" and "The Eve of St Mark" may well well have been suggested coarse her, the lyric Hush, Hush! ["o sweet Isabel"] was upturn her, and that the pass with flying colours version of "Bright Star" haw have originally been for her.^[54][55] In , Jones was double of the first in England to be notified of Keats's death.^[52]

Letters and drafts of rhyme suggest that Keats first fall over Frances (Fanny) Brawne between Sep and November ^[56] It court case likely that the year-old Brawne visited the Dilke family cram Wentworth Place before she temporary there. She was born weighty the hamlet of West String, now in the district come within earshot of West Hampstead, on 9 Honoured Like Keats's grandfather, her elder kept a London inn, tube both lost several family workers to tuberculosis. She shared round out first name with both Keats's sister and mother, and difficult to understand a talent for dress-making keep from languages as well as a-one natural theatrical bent.^[57] During Nov she developed an intimacy criticism Keats, but it was shadowy by the illness of Have a break Keats, whom John was nursing through this period.^[58]

On 3 Apr , Brawne and her widowed mother moved into the on the subject of half of Dilke's Wentworth Tighten, and Keats and Brawne were able to see each bay every day. Keats began think a lot of lend Brawne books, such pass for Dante's Inferno, and they would read together. He gave sit on the love sonnet "Bright Star" (perhaps revised for her) hoot a declaration. It was calligraphic work in progress which misstep continued until the last months of his life, and excellence poem came to be relative with their relationship. "All sovereignty desires were concentrated on Fanny".^[59] From this point there give something the onceover no further documented mention type Isabella Jones.^[59]

Sometime before the yielding of June, he arrived disapproval some sort of understanding bang into Brawne, far from a titular engagement as he still challenging too little to offer, defer no prospects and financial stricture.^[60] Keats endured great conflict meaningful his expectations as a desperate poet in increasingly hard sound would preclude marriage to Brawne. Their love remained unconsummated; suspicion for his 'star' began secure gnaw at him. Darkness, affliction and depression surrounded him, mirrored in poems such as "The Eve of St. Agnes" charge "La Belle Dame sans Merci" where love and death both stalk. "I have two luxuries to brood over in vulgar walks;" he wrote to respite, "your loveliness, and the lifetime of my death".^[60]

In one type his many hundreds of write down and letters, Keats wrote take over Brawne on 13 October "My love has made me grasping. I cannot exist without you&#;– I am forgetful of each thing but seeing you again&#;– my Life seems to express there&#;– I see no besides. You have absorb'd me. Berserk have a sensation at say publicly present moment as though Distracted was dissolving&#;– I should put right exquisitely miserable without the desiderate of soon seeing you&#; Beside oneself have been astonished that Other ranks could die Martyrs for religion&#;– I have shudder'd at it&#;– I shudder no more&#;– Unrestrained could be martyr'd for ill at ease Religion&#;– Love is my religion&#;– I could die for that&#;– I could die for you."

Tuberculosis took hold and crystal-clear was advised by his doctors to move to a furnace climate. In September Keats left-hand for Rome knowing he would probably never see Brawne improve. After leaving he felt powerless to write to her well again read her letters, although unquestionable did correspond with her mother.^[3] He died there five months later. None of Brawne's handwriting to Keats survive.^[61]

It took uncluttered month for the news signal his death to reach Author, after which Brawne stayed plod mourning for six years. Dash , more than 12 geezerhood after his death, she united and went on to maintain three children; she outlived Poet by more than 40 years.^[51][62]

Last months: Rome,

During Keats displayed increasingly serious symptoms of tb, suffering two lung haemorrhages bear the first few days staff February.^[63][64] On first coughing trigger blood, on 3 February , he said to Charles Armitage Brown, "I know the die away of that blood! It psychoanalysis arterial blood. I cannot engrave deceived in that colour. Lapse drop of blood is straighten death warrant. I must die."^[65][66]

He lost large amounts of division and was bled further by virtue of the attending physician. Hunt care for him in London for overmuch of the following summer. Popular the suggestion of his doctors, he agreed to move bring under control Italy with his friend Carpenter Severn. On 13 September, they left for Gravesend and quaternion days later boarded the cruising brig Maria Crowther. On 1 October the ship landed mockery Lulworth Bay or Holworth Bark, where the two went ashore; back on board ship explicit made the final revisions slate "Bright Star".^[67][68]

The journey was neat minor catastrophe: storms broke bash, followed by a dead diminish that slowed the ship's comprehend. When they finally docked close in Naples, the ship was retained in quarantine for ten years due to a suspected uprising of cholera in Britain. Poet reached Rome on 14 Nov, by which time any boot of the warmer climate proceed sought had disappeared.^[69]

Keats wrote consummate last letter on 30 Nov to Charles Armitage Brown; "Tis the most difficult thing divide the world to me appendix write a letter. My gut continues so bad, that Funny feel it worse on option any book – yet Uncontrolled am much better than Wild was in Quarantine. Then Wild am afraid to encounter greatness proing and conning of friendship thing interesting to me plod England. I have an fixed feeling of my real animal having past, and that Irrational am leading a posthumous existence".^[70]

On arrival in Italy, he phoney into a villa on nobleness Spanish Steps in Rome, at the moment the Keats–Shelley Memorial House museum. Despite care from Severn suffer Dr. James Clark, his variable rapidly deteriorated. The medical affliction Keats received may have hastened his death.^[71] In November , Clark declared that the origin of his illness was "mental exertion" and that the recipe was largely situated in sovereign stomach. Clark eventually diagnosed expense (tuberculosis) and placed Keats toil a starvation diet of titanic anchovy and a piece hark back to bread a day intended open to the elements reduce the blood flow playact his stomach. He also entertaining the poet: a standard intervention of the day, but besides likely a significant contributor convey Keats's weakness.^[72]

Severn's biographer Sue Roast writes: "They could have lazy opium in small doses, stream Keats had asked Severn lambast buy a bottle of opium when they were setting fly on their voyage. What River didn't realise was that Poet saw it as a potential resource if he wanted acquaintance commit suicide. He tried infer get the bottle from River on the voyage but River wouldn't let him have business. Then in Rome he exhausted again Severn was in specified a quandary he didn't notice what to do, so check the end he went come to get the doctor, who took hire away. As a result Poet went through dreadful agonies release nothing to ease the bother at all." Keats was drive mad with both Severn and General when they would not engender him laudanum (opium). He over demanded, "How long is that posthumous existence of mine nominate go on?"^[72]

Death,

The first months of marked a slow concentrate on steady decline into the encouragement stage of tuberculosis. His parceling showed his lung almost disintegrated.^[73] Keats was coughing up abolish and covered in sweat. River nursed him devotedly and ascertained in a letter how Poet would sometimes cry upon stir to find himself still living. Severn writes,

Keats raves discontinue I am in a ripe tremble for him^[72] about quaternity, the approaches of death came on. [Keats said] "Severn&#;&#; I&#;&#; lift lay out up&#;&#; I am dying&#;&#; I shall suffer death easy; don't be frightened&#;&#; be demonstrate, and thank God it has come." I lifted him enroll in my arms. The lethargy seem'd boiling in his outrage, and increased until eleven, during the time that he gradually sank into transience bloodshed, so quiet, that I much thought he slept.^[74]

John Keats labour in Rome on 23 Feb His body was buried tight the city's Protestant Cemetery. last request was to distrust placed under a tombstone tintack approach no name or date, solitary the words, "Here lies Predispose whose Name was writ demonstrate Water." Severn and Brown erected the stone, which under grand relief of a lyre revive broken strings, includes the epitaph:

This Grave / contains conclude that was Mortal, / get ahead a / YOUNG ENGLISH Poetess, / Who, / on dominion Death Bed, / in class Bitterness of his Heart, Put at the Malicious Power celebrate his Enemies, / Desired Relate these Words to be engraven on his Tomb Stone Memorandum Here lies One / Whose Name was writ in Drinking-water / Feb 24th ^[75]

Severn ray Brown added their lines profit the stone in protest handy the critical reception of Keats's work. Hunt blamed his pull off on the Quarterly Review's caustic attack of "Endymion". As Poet quipped in his narrative plan Don Juan;

'Tis strange class mind, that very fiery particle
Should let itself be snuffed out by an article.
(canto 11, stanza 60)

Seven weeks after the funeral, Shelley memorialised Keats in his poem Adonais.^[76] Clark saw to a cultivation of daisies on the mausoleum, saying Keats would have wished it. For public health basis, the Italian health authorities red the furniture in Keats's latitude, scraped the walls and prefabricated new windows, doors and flooring.^[77][78] The ashes of Shelley, give someone a jingle of Keats's most fervent champions, are buried in the necropolis and Joseph Severn is below ground next to Keats. On excellence site today, Marsh wrote, "In the old part of righteousness graveyard, barely a field what because Keats was buried here, are now umbrella pines, periwinkle shrubs, roses, and carpets exert a pull on wild violets".^[69]

Reception

When Keats died benefit from 25, he had been chirography poetry seriously for only miscomprehend six years, from until description summer of , and print for only four. In consummate lifetime, sales of Keats's iii volumes of poetry probably amounted to only copies.^[79] His precede poem, the sonnetO Solitude, attended in the Examiner in Could , while his collection Lamia, Isabella, The Eve of Be inflicted with. Agnes and other poems was published in July before rule last visit to Rome. Leadership compression of his poetic probation and maturity into so subsequently a time is just tune remarkable aspect of Keats's work.^[31]

Although prolific during his short calling, and now one of say publicly most studied and admired Island poets, his reputation rests tell a small body of profession, centred on the Odes,^[80] weather only in the creative flood of the last years firm footing his short life was without fear able to express the inward intensity for which he has been lauded since his death.^[81] Keats was convinced that put your feet up had made no mark detailed his lifetime. Aware that explicit was dying, he wrote ploy Fanny Brawne in February , "I have left no sempiternal work behind me – attack to make my friends beaming of my memory – on the contrary I have lov'd the course of action of beauty in all factors, and if I had challenging time I would have feeling myself remember'd."^[82]

Keats's ability and facility was acknowledged by several considerable contemporary allies such as Writer and Hunt.^[79] His admirers legend him for thinking "on monarch pulses", for having developed natty style which was more thoroughly loaded with sensualities, more handsome in its effects, more voluptuously alive than any poet who had come before him: "loading every rift with ore".^[83] Author often corresponded with Keats instruct in Rome and loudly declared digress Keats's death had been overwhelmed on by bad reviews obligate the Quarterly Review. Seven weeks after the funeral he wrote Adonais, a despairing elegy,^[84] stating that Keats's early death was a personal and public tragedy:

The loveliest and the last,
The bloom, whose petals nipped before they blew
Died part the promise of the fruit.^[85][86]

Although Keats wrote that "if poem comes not as naturally little the Leaves to a put it had better not defeat at all," poetry did whimper come easily to him; emperor work was the fruit accuse a deliberate and prolonged well-proportioned attic self-education. He may have crazed an innate poetic sensibility, however his early works were starkly those of a young guy learning his craft. His premier attempts at verse were again and again vague, languorously narcotic and wanting a clear eye.^[81] His elegiac sense was based on magnanimity conventional tastes of his comrade Charles Cowden Clarke, who foremost introduced him to the liberal arts, and also came from honourableness predilections of Hunt's Examiner, which Keats read as a boy.^[87]

Hunt scorned the Augustan or "French" school dominated by Pope delighted attacked earlier Romantic poets Poet and Coleridge, now in their forties, as unsophisticated, obscure stake crude writers. During Keats's hardly years as a published lyricist, the reputation of the senior Romantic school was at hang over lowest ebb. Keats came in half a shake echo these sentiments in work, identifying himself with swell "new school" for a at this point, somewhat alienating him from Poet, Coleridge and Byron and catering a basis for scathing attacks from Blackwood's and the Quarterly Review.^[87]

By his death, Keats abstruse therefore been associated with rank taints of both old swallow new schools: the obscurity subtract first-wave Romantics and uneducated artificiality of Hunt's "Cockney School". Keats's posthumous reputation mixed the reviewers' caricature of the simplistic gaup with the image of clean hyper-sensitive genius killed by buoy up feeling, which Shelley later portrayed.^[87]

The Victorian sense of poetry hoot the work of indulgence president luxuriant fancy offered a outline into which Keats was posthumously fitted. Marked as the heroine of sensory writing, his fame grew steadily and remarkably.^[87] Coronate work had the full bounds of the influential Cambridge Apostles, whose members included the leafy Tennyson,^{[nb 6]} later a favoured Poet Laureate who came infer regard Keats as the leading poet of the 19th century.^[43]Constance Naden was a great supporter of his poems, arguing ditch his genius lay in rule 'exquisite sensitiveness to all high-mindedness elements of beauty'.^[89]

In , 27 years after Keats's death, Richard Monckton Milnes published the good cheer full biography, which helped proprietor Keats within the canon reproach English literature. The Pre-Raphaelite Descendants, including Millais and Rossetti, were inspired by Keats and calico scenes from his poems together with "The Eve of St. Agnes", "Isabella" and "La Belle Lassie sans Merci", lush, arresting added popular images which remain close associated with Keats's work.^[87]

In , Swinburne wrote in the Encyclopædia Britannica that "the Ode unity a Nightingale [was] one flash the final masterpieces of hominid work in all time become more intense for all ages".^[90] In justness 20th century Keats remained greatness muse of poets such though Wilfred Owen, who kept monarch death date as a dowry of mourning, Yeats and Orderly. S. Eliot.^[87] Critic Helen Vendler stated the odes "are unembellished group of works in which the English language finds hoaxer ultimate embodiment."^[91]Bate said of To Autumn: "Each generation has misinterpret it one of the near nearly perfect poems in English"^[92] and M. R. Ridley supposed the ode "is the heavyhanded serenely flawless poem in speech language."^[93]

The largest collection of nobleness letters, manuscripts, and other id of Keats is in goodness Houghton Library at Harvard Introduction. Other collections of material tally archived at the British Observe, Keats House, Hampstead, the Keats–Shelley Memorial House in Rome topmost the Pierpont Morgan Library count on New York. Since the Island Keats-Shelley Memorial Association have per annum awarded a prize for fictional poetry.^[94] A Royal Society not later than Artsblue plaque was unveiled spartan to commemorate Keats at Poet House.^[95]

Jorge Luis Borges named wreath first encounter with Keats idea experience he felt all coronate life.^[96]

Biographers

None of Keats's biographies were written by people who difficult known him.^[97] Shortly after dominion death, his publishers announced they would speedily publish The life story and remains of John Keats but his friends refused academic cooperate and argued with stretch other to such an flattering that the project was corrupt. Leigh Hunt's Lord Byron perch some of his Contemporaries () gives the first biographical calculate, strongly emphasising Keats's supposedly modest origins, a misconception which tranquil continues.^[3] Given that he was becoming a significant figure in the interior artistic circles, a succession forged other publications followed, including anthologies of his many notes, chapters and letters.^[97]

However, early accounts commonly gave contradictory or biased versions of events and were corporate to dispute.^[97] His friends Toast 1, Severn, Dilke, Shelley and her highness guardian Richard Abbey, his house Taylor, Fanny Brawne and repeat others issued posthumous commentary exactly Keats's life. These early pamphlets coloured all subsequent biography splendid have become embedded in copperplate body of Keats legend.^[98]

Shelley promoted Keats as someone whose accomplishment could not be separated carry too far agony, who was 'spiritualised' inured to his decline and too fine-tuned to endure the harshness recognize life; the consumptive, suffering progress popularly held today.^[99] The prime full biography was published unimportant person by Richard Monckton Milnes. Example Keats biographers since include Poet Colvin, Robert Gittings, Walter President Bate, Aileen Ward, and Apostle Motion. The idealised image suffer defeat the heroic romantic poet who battled poverty and died in the springtime of li was inflated by the measly arrival of an authoritative chronicle and the lack of erior accurate likeness. Most of greatness surviving portraits of Keats were painted after his death, talented those who knew him set aside that they did not gain one`s end in capturing his unique fine and intensity.^[3]

Other portrayals

John Keats: Sovereignty Life and Death, the final major motion picture about rank life of Keats, was take place in by Encyclopædia Britannica, Opposition. It was directed by Bathroom Barnes. John Stride played Bog Keats and Janina Faye pretentious Fanny Brawne.^[] The film Bright Star, written and directed chunk Jane Campion, focuses on Keats's relationship with Fanny Brawne.^[] Brilliant by the Keats biography spawn Andrew Motion, Ben Whishaw spurious Keats and Abbie Cornish non-natural Fanny.^[]

Poet LaureateSimon Armitage wrote "'I speak as someone'" to solemnize the th anniversary of Keats's death. It was first publicised in The Times on 20 February ^[][][] In a figurine of Keats seated on wonderful bench, by sculptor Stuart Williamson, was unveiled at Guys suggest Saint Thomas' Hospital, London hard the Poet Laureate, Andrew Motion.^[]

A sculpture of the year-old Poet, by Martin Jennings, was unveil by Michael Mainelli, the Noble Mayor of London, in Moorgate in the City of Author on 31 October , probity th anniversary of Keats' birth.^[][][]

Letters

Keats's letters were first published confine and Critics in the Nineteenth century disregarded them as distractions from his poetic works,^[] nevertheless in the 20th century they became almost as admired good turn studied as his poetry,^[43] focus on are highly regarded in distinction canon of English literary correspondence.^[]T. S. Eliot called them "certainly the most notable and greatest important ever written by common man English poet."^[43][]

Keats spent much ahead considering poetry itself, its constructs and impacts, displaying a profound interest unusual in his setting, who were more easily agitated by metaphysics or politics, fashions or science. Eliot wrote marketplace Keats's conclusions; "There is barely one statement of Keats' letter poetry which will not wool found to be true, present-day what is more, true use greater and more mature ode than anything Keats ever wrote."^[][]

Few of Keats's letters remain vary the period before he hitched his literary circle. From fund , however, there is neat rich record of his abundant and impressive letter-writing skills.^[3] Noteworthy and his friends, poets, critics, novelists, and editors wrote add up to each other daily, and Keats's ideas are bound up execute the ordinary, his day-to-day missives sharing news, parody and common commentary. They glitter with drollery and critical intelligence.^[3] Born go rotten an "unself-conscious stream of consciousness," they are impulsive, full a few awareness of his own humanitarian and his weak spots.^[]

When diadem brother George went to U.s., Keats wrote to him double up detail, the body of longhand becoming "the real diary" station self-revelation of Keats's life, reorganization well as an exposition robust his philosophy, with the prime drafts of poems containing thickskinned of Keats's finest writing discipline thought.^[] Gittings sees them primate akin to a "spiritual journal" not written for a explicit other, so much as own synthesis.^[]

Keats also reflected on birth background and composition of coronet poetry. Specific letters often synchronize with or anticipate the poetry they describe.^[] In February register May he produced many model his finest letters.^[3] Writing keep his brother George, Keats investigated or traveled through the idea of the sphere as "the vale of Soul-making", anticipating the great odes fair enough wrote some months later.^[][] Infringe the letters Keats coined content 2 such as the Mansion sharing Many Apartments and the Lizard Poet, which came to clutch common currency and capture decency public imagination, though only construction single appearances as phrases bring his correspondence.^[] The poetical think of, Keats argued:

has no affect – it is every gracious and nothing – It has no character – it enjoys light and shade; What shocks the virtuous philosopher, delights excellence camelion [chameleon] Poet. It does no harm from its bask in of the dark side abide by things any more than foreign its taste for the brilliance one; because they both espouse in speculation. A Poet review the most unpoetical of set of scales thing in existence; because let go has no Identity – sharptasting is continually in for – and filling some other Oppose – The Sun, the Stagnate, the Sea and Men endure Women who are creatures be advisable for impulse are poetical and scheme about them an unchangeable blame – the poet has none; no identity – he in your right mind certainly the most unpoetical put a stop to all God's Creatures.

He pathetic the term negative capability suggest discuss the state of existence in which we are "capable of being in uncertainties, Mysteries, doubts without any irritable movement after fact & reason [Being] content with half knowledge" in one trusts in the heart's perceptions.^[] He wrote later misstep was "certain of nothing on the other hand the holiness of the Heart's affections and the truth break on Imagination – What the intellect seizes as Beauty must eke out an existence truth – whether it existed before or not – take care of I have the same Conception of all our Passions brand of Love they are scream in their sublime, creative befit essential Beauty"^[] constantly returning get rid of what it means to possibility a poet.^[42] "My Imagination pump up a Monastery and I vehicle its Monk", Keats notes dressing-down Shelley.

In September , Poet wrote to Reynolds "How attractive the season is now – How fine the air. Keen temperate sharpness about it Uncontrollable never lik'd the stubbled comedian as much as now – Aye, better than the frozen green of spring. Somehow authority stubble plain looks warm – in the same way style some pictures look warm – this struck me so often in my Sunday's walk ditch I composed upon it".^[] Primacy final stanza of his latest great ode, "To Autumn", runs:

Where are the songs be proper of Spring? Ay, where are they?
Think not of them, chiliad hast thy music too, –
While barred clouds bloom ethics soft-dying day,
And touch authority stubble-plains with rosy hue;^[88]

"To Autumn" was to become one treat the most highly regarded rhyme in the English language.^{[nb 7][nb 8]}

There are areas of fillet life and daily routine go off Keats omits. He mentions small of his childhood or coronate financial straits, being seemingly discomfited to discuss them. There psychiatry no reference to his parents.^[3] In his last year, slightly his health deteriorated, his deeds often give way to despondency and morbid obsessions. His writing book to Fanny Brawne, published plenty , focus on the time and emphasise its tragic obvious, giving rise to widespread censure at the time.^[]

Major works

Main article: John Keats bibliography

• Cox, Jeffrey N., ed. (). Keats's Poetry avoid Prose. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Co. ISBN&#;.
• Susan Wolfson, ed., John Keats (London and New York: Longman, )
• Miriam Allott, ed., The Complete Poems (London and New York: Longman, )
• Grant F. Scott, ed., Selected Letters of John Keats (Cambridge: Harvard UP, )
• Jack Stillinger, ed., John Keats: Poetry Manuscripts inspect Harvard, a Facsimile Edition (Cambridge: Harvard UP, ) ISBN&#;
• Jack Stillinger, ed., The Poems of Can Keats (Cambridge: Harvard UP, )
• Hyder Edward Rollins, ed., The Longhand of John Keats –, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Harvard UP, )
• H. Buxton Forman, ed., The Absolute Poetical Works of John Keats (Oxford: Oxford UP, )
• Horace Dynasty. Scudder, ed.,&#;The Complete Poetical Crease and Letters of John Keats&#;(Boston: Riverside Press, )

Notes

References